0`  0 @@@ @@@@ZqqP0 EN DB   +$; D T{$u b< Hr g, +X    6 ( Sy|'   Y Journal ArticleBookThesisConference ProceedingsPersonal CommunicationNewspaper ArticleComputer Program Book SectionMagazine Article Edited BookReportMapAudiovisual MaterialArtworkUnusedPatentElectronic Source Open Expr Close Expr Prefix MarkerTypingLibraryGenericons were predicted using the multizone airflow and contaminant dispersal program CONTAM88. Limited simulations were conducted to study the influence of two different radon source terms, indoor-outdoor temperature difference and exterior wall leakage values on radon transport and radon concentration distributions.,B<Modeling Radon Transport in Multistory Residential Buildings@:Proceedings of Modeling of Indoor Air Quality and Exposure ASTM STP 1205226-242of Intelligent Simulation Environmentnt control strategies were used: (1) constant exhaust flow rates (continuous ventilation) and (2) modulation of the elator window system with electric baseboa. Adams19932 Alexander1993| Allard19899 Allard199291 Allard19922 Allard19929 Amara1992dAnderson19901t ASHRAE1995 Axley1987 Axley1988 Axley1989 Axley1989 Axley1990 Axley1990) Axley1990 Axley1992 Axley1997i Axley1999p Axley2000w Bassett1994 Batty1991$ Behar1995B Bergso19966  Berne1994  Blomsterberg1989l  Blomsterberg1991l  Blomsterberg1993l Blomsterberg1995 Borchiellini1993  Borchiellini1995lR Bragg1990] Brau1995: Burton19961 Cali1995i4 Chandra1989 Chung1996 Clarke19909 Clarke19955 Clarke19959B Clausen1996 Cluzel1990, Cooper19919: Crescenti1996 Creuzevault1990 Cudnik19933 Dalicieux1990 de Gids1988P de Gids1991Dempster19951 Denton2000Depecker1992~ Dieris19911 Dols2000| Dorer1989Z Dorer1992y Dorer1992 Dorer1992 Dorer1993# Dorer1993X Dorer1993Y Dorer1993[ Dorer1994{ Dorer1994_ Dorsey19909: Duncan19961 Edwards1994nEmmerich1995PqEmmerich1996oEmmerich1998rEmmerich2000H Ensor19924 Fairey1989l Fang19954s Fang19952 Farrington1996 Fauconnier19900kFerriera1998P Feustel1989| Feustel1989} Feustel1990~ Feustel1991 Feustel1999 Field1991  Fischer1993 Furbinger1993y Furbringer1992l Furbringer1993i# Furbringer1993" Furbringer1994$ Furtaw19951% Godish1996d Greenfield19909&Grimsrud1996| Grosso19899 Grosso1995iO Grot19859 Grot19899) Grot199094 Gu19891& Hadlich1996+ Haghighat1991Q Haghighat1993* Haghighat1996, Hamlin19919^ Hamlin19911eHasegawa19939d Hayes1990 Heikkinen1994- Heiselberg1993i Hensen19909/ Hensen1991\ Hensen19959. Hensen1995\| Herrlin19891 Herrlin19920 Herrlin1993 Herrlin1999<Holmberg1993nW Howell1992: Huber1996y Huck19922# Huck19933 Irwin1994eIshikawa19939` Jackson1988a Jackson1989_ Jackson1990 Jansky19922f Jeanson1990g Jeanson19912 Jones19933 Kafetzopoulos1995KKeilholz199224 Kerestecioglu1989J Khodr19906 Klobut19917 Klobut19915 Klobut19939j Klote1992& Krafthefer1996Kronvall19956& Kuehn1996& Kuzj19966: Lansari1996H Lawless1992; Li1993i< Li1993i Liddament1990 Liu1999 Lorenzetti1992iS MacDonald1991? Mansson1995 Mansson1999 Marino1995il Martin20000* Megri1996K Melouk19929j Milke1992u Milke2000 Millet19999| Mingsheng1989 Modera19922B Molhave1996C Moser1991Z Moser1992 Moser1992X Moser1993Y Moser1993[ Moser1994v Musser1999\h Musser20001rNabinger2000eNagatomo19939D Nantka19936E Nantka19946 Negrao19959 Negrao19959$ Nelson19955B Nielsen1996F Okuyama1992 Orme19949H Owen1992 Pallari1994$ Pandian1995 Parisi1995iI Passard1990L Pelletret1987J Pelletret1990K Pelletret1992M Perera19859O Persily1985N Persily1993 Persily1995n Persily1995s Persily1995q Persily1996m Persily1998o Persily1998l Persily2000 Phaff1988| Phaff1989P Phaff1991T Plett19952 Powell19930 Probert1991+ Rao1991Q Rao1993R Reusing1990 Rodriguez1992y Roulet19921c Roulet1993s] Roux1995S Said19910T Said1995USandberg19841W Sauer1992ZSchaelin1992nXSchaelin1993YSchaelin19931[Schaelin19941 Schalin1992] Schneider19957Seppanen1991Sgamboti1993T Shaw1995 Sherber1993^ Sibbitt19917 Siren1991H Smith1992K Soubra19929` Sparks19880a Sparks19898_ Sparks1990\H Sparks19922B Sparks19966b Sparks19969%Spengler1996_ Stieber1990: Streicher19963 Suen1995u4 Swami1989Thompson1993`Tichenor1988naTichenor1989n_Tichenor1990nbTichenor1996n Torchio1995eToyohara199397Tuomaala1991| Utsumi19899T Vaculik1995Z van der Maas1992l Van der Maas1992bX van der Maas1993Y van der Maas1993c van der Maas1993l[ van der Maas1994ln VanBronkhorst1995 Walker1999 Wall1993e Walton1989 Walton1995 Walton1997 Walton2000M Warren19859# Weber1993{ Weber1994d Weir19909a White1989_ White1990B Wolkoff1996g Wray19919| Yoshino1989e Yoshino1993 Yoshino1999f Yuill1990g Yuill1991v Yuill1999: Zweidinger1996`eidinger1996`99: Zweidinger1996` Zweidinger1996` Zweidinger1996` Zweidinger1996` Zweidinger1996` Zweidinger1996` Zweidinger1996`99: Zweidinger1996` Zweidinger1996` Zweidinger1996` Zweidinger1996` Zweidinger1996` Zweidinger1996` Zweidinger1996` Zweidinger1996` Zweidinger1996` Zweidinger1996` Zweidinger1996` Zweidinger1996` Zweidinger1996` Zweidinger1996` Zweidinger1996` Zweidinger1996` Zweidinger1996`: Zweidinger1996` Zweidinger1996` Zweidinger1996`: Zweidinger1996` Zweidinger1996` Zweidinger1996` Zweidinger1996`99: Zweidinger1996` Zweidinger1996` Zweidinger1996` Zweidinger1996` Zweidinger1996` Zweidinger1996` Zweidinger1996`6` Zweidinger1996` ' !% ($*" , sirtbitudes pulp yevtnlitaoi nystsmew re eisumalet dotd tereiment ehrir letavi eepfrroamcn enic nortloilgno ccpuna txeopusert oniodroa rip loulattn.s2 d fiefertnc nortlos rttageei seweru es:d( )1c notsna txeahsu tlfwor tase( octnniousuv neitalitno )na d2( )omudalitnoo fht exeahsu tlfwor taset oekpet ehC 2Oc noectnaritnoi nht exeahsu tiasrrtae mocsnattn( CD)V .hT eCD Vystsme shswoden olcae rdaavtnga evoret ehc noitunuo sevtnlitaoi nystsme.s AuthorsJournalsKeywords   '''' ! (((($$***""",  ,!!!% ! ($  F ED86 Nantka, M. B.1 19934.MODEL; MULTIZONE AIR FLOW; SIMULATION; SYMVENTf_New concepts aimed to improve the multizone model for predicting the air flows in the buildings$Proceedings of Indoor Air 1993 Indoor Air 93-563-568i~xComputer simulation is one of the basic means to obtain complex information concerning the air flows in a multizone building structure. Presented briefly in this paper are the fundamentals of the newly developed simulation method. The major departures are addressed which distinguish this new method from the other multizone models. These include the principles of dividing a building into zones and the accomplishment of the simulation of the system. Attention is paid to the universality of the new method, the flexibility in regard to modifications and the usefulness in mathematical verification of other simulation results. Nantka, M.B. 1994\UEvaluation of wind pressure effects on ventilation rates in multizone dwelling houses Roomvent 94607-616*#wind; multizone; residential; model  Okuyama, H. 1992D=New Progress on the Multi-chamber Airflow Measurement System\RLInternational Symposium on Room Air Convection and Ventilation Effectiveness  Tokyo, Japan LESociety of Heating, Air Conditioning and Sanitary Engineers of Japan 534-539July 22-24, 1992"Japan, Society of Heating, Air Conditioning and Sanitary Engineers of Japan, 1992, proceedings of the International Symposium on Room Air Convection and Ventilation Effectiveness - ISRACVE, held at the University of Tokyo, 22-24 July, 1992, pp 534-539. #DATE 22:07:1992 in English0*multizone, air flow, measurement techniqueThe measurement method for multi-chamber airflow is an important research theme because of the limitations and errors inherent in conventional single chamber method. The fundamental theory for this measurement and several application examples by the have been published. The theory is based on the tracer gas dispersion general model in multi-chamber system called Thermal Network state equation which is also applicable to heat transfer system. To estimate the airflows in multi-chamber system is considered as a type of system identification of the state equation model and two calculation procedures have been deduced from the least squares method. Several field measurements and verificational test have shown the practicality, accuracy and also defects of the measurement system. In the present paper some improvements on these defects and the verification in the field measurement are described.$>8Adams, E. W. Sgamboti, C. T. Sherber, M. Thompson, J. L. 1993<5Simulations of IAQ and comfort in multizone buildings Indoor Air 93533-538$Proceedings of Indoor Air 1993952+DOSE-RESPONSE MODELING; MODELING; MULTIZONE Strategies for IAQ improvement often impact building energy use. The optimum strategy for IAQ requires a trade-off between improving IAQ and increasing energy use to attain it. Modeling can be particularly effective in defining the optimal strategy for a particular site. Modeling IAQ for building applications requires at least 4 different modeling efforts: (1) human dose-response relationship, (2) building pollutant load analysis, (3) operating cost and (4) dynamic IAQ prediction. Effective design of control systems and operating strategies in IAQ mitigation equipment requires dynamic simulation of typical applications, including adsorption/desorption effects for pollutant species. The coupling of energy analysis to IAQ analysis shows the energy savings available from using heat recovery combined with increased ventilation for the solution to IAQ problems. Sample calculations show that ventilation rates must be high to limit pollutant transport between zones. Ventilation must continue long after an event to limit discomfort.(!Amara, F. Depecker, P. Allard, F.t 1992ngOptibat: A real scale cell in simulated climatic environment for multizone air flow pattern in buildingn13th AIVC Conf.e519-527.'Proceedings of the 13th AIVC Conference 1630)MULTIZONE AIR FLOW; OPTIBAT; TEST CHAMBEROne of the main problems about air flows pattern studies remains the experimental validation of numerical codes developed for interzone air flow and pollutant diffusion prediction. A few years ago, CETHIL developed a real scale experiment made of a 88 m2 dwelling built in our laboratory hall in a controlled climatic environment. This experimental tool allows a full control of outdoor climatic conditions: air temperature, relative humidity, pressure drop can be controlled on the six faces of the cell: OPTIBAT is thus a reference tool for multizone air flow measurement techniques, and experimental data sets available for validation of numerical models. The first phase of this experimental project allowed us to determine air leakage characteristics of indoor and outdoor walls of the cell. The second element required for the validation of multizone air flow codes is the knowledge of all the interzone air flows. The vast majority of the air flow measurements made to date have involved multiple tracer gas techniques. Using the OPTIBAT facility, we have first used only one tracer gas to determine all the air flows. The present paper describes the experimental cell and gives the first results about air flows measurements using tracer gas technique. The interzone air flows are computed using 2 methods. Each method is completed by an error analysis which defines the uncertainty of each result. Both methods give the same results. z wpJi&6Axley, James W. 1990HAAdsorption Modeling for Macroscopic Contaminant Disperal Analysis 283ZSADSORPTION; EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION; FORMALDEHYDE; MODELING; MULTIZONE; WALLBOARDihbTwo families of macroscopic adsorption models are formulated, based on fundamental principles of adsorption sciene and technology, that may be used for macroscopic contaminant dispersal analysis. The first family of adsorption models - the Equilibrium Adsorption Models - are based upon the simple requirement of equilibrium between adsorbent and room air. The second family - the Boundary Layer Diffusion Controlled Adsorption Models - add to the equilibrium requirement a boundary layer for diffusion of the adsorbate from the room air to the adsorbent surface. Two members of each of these families are explicityly discussed, one based on the linear adsorption isotherm model and the other on the Langmuir model. The linear variants of each family are applied to model the adsorption dynamics of formaldehyde in gypsum wallboard and compared to measured data.; N;$Axley, James W. Lorenzetti, D. 1992@9Sorption Transport Models for Indoor Air Quality Analysis ASTM STP 1205@:Proceedings of Modeling of Indoor Air Quality and Exposure 287iRKINCOMPLETE; ADSORPTION; AIR CLEANING; FILTER; MODELING; MULTIZONE; SORPTION Sorption filtration is presently being investigated as one means to control the quality of air in buildings, yet methods to integrate models of sorption filtration devices with multizone indoor air quality procedures - to enable rational design of these devices - have not appeared. This paper reviews the theoretical bases of sorption models recently developed for multizone contaminant dispersal analysis and presents new work to extend these models to the problem of sorption filtration modeling. Four generic families of models are presented that account for (a) the equilibrium limits of reversible sorption processes with or without (b) boundary layer diffusion transport at the adsorbent surface and (c) diffusion transport within the adsorbent proper, and, for filtration devices, (d) convection-diffusion transport within the filtration medium. All models are formulated as mass transport elements that may be directly assembled with existing elements to model contaminant dispersal in multizone building/HVAC systems of arbitrary complexity. A comparison of the model families is made, criteria are presented to aide in the selection of the model family to use, and results of first applications of these models are presented that provide some validation of the theory.tAxley, James W. 1997JCMacroscopic formulation and solution of ventilation design problems18th AIVC Conference<6design; natural ventilation; multizone model; airflow;Axley, James W. 1999>7Passive Ventilation for Residential Air Quality ControlASHRAE Transactions ASHRAE 1052ASHRAE TransactionsTMair quality, design, loop equations, natural ventilation, modeling, multizoneDiscussion of passive ventilation systems, components, operation, and design. Presentation of design methodology utilizing loop equations. Theoretical background is provided along with simple example of design method.Axley, James W. 2000PIDesign and Simulation of Natural Ventilation Systems Using Loop EquationsHealthy Buildings 2000 Espoo, Findland2475-480August 6-10, 2000xqdesign, indoor air quality, loop equations, multizone, natural ventilation, simulation, ventilation, zonal modelssBassett, Mark R. 1994haPassive Ventilators in New Zealand Homes: Part 1 Numerical Studies and Part 2 Experimental Trialsc4.15th AIVC Conference - The Role of Ventilation Buxton, Great Britain AIVC 36-44September 27-30, 1994airtightness, CONTAM, fan pressurization, indoor air quality, modeling, multizone, natural ventilation, simulation, tracer gas, ventilation This paper is part one of a study of passive ventilation options for NZ homes. It explores numerically a range of ventilator sizes and locations in typocal homes modelled in the climate of major New Zealand cities. Part two offers experimental verification of the ventilator performance data calculated here. A numerical multizone airflow model was used to calculate the effect of adding stack and window type passive vents to huses of a range of airtightness levels. Wind pressure was found to be the dominant driving force of airflows delivered by window-mounted passive ventilators. Stack ventilators reduced the strong dependence of window ventilator airflows on wind speed when both types were preesent in a building, but when the ventilation system made small changes to the overall airtightness of the house, the role of the stack ventilator was less obvious. A simple linear function linking ventilator opening area with average added ventilation rates is presented for wall-mounted passive ventilator systems in NZ buildings. Berne, P. 1994\VPrediction of the concentration decay in a ventilated enclosure by the multizone model Roomvent 94&multizone; model; decay; tracer 137CBlomsterberg, A. 1989leEXFILTRATION; EXPERIMENT; INFILTRATION; MODEL VALIDATION; MODELING; MULTIZONE; SIMULATION; TRACER GAS4.Ventilation and Airtightness in Energy Balance.'Proceedings of the 10th AIVC Conference10th AIVC Conf.305-324\UThe air exfiltration part of ventilation is often difficult to determine and its part of the energy balance is therefore usually determined as a remainder or given a constant value. This paper examines ventilation systems in six different modern houses. The constant concentration tracer gas technique tended to underestimate the total ventilation. A simplified theoretical one-zone model made accurate estimations of the air exfiltration. For detailed information on air flows a multi-zone network model was useful. Different levels of airtightness should be required depending upon the ventilation system. It is recommended to couple predictions with tracer gas measurements. Determining the energy balance, eg, using a constant air change rate for the mechanical and/or natural ventilation is in most cases inaccurate, unless the house is very tight.Clarke, J. A. Hensen, J. 1990PIAn Approach to the Simulation of Coupled Heat and Mass Flows in Buildings&.'Proceedings of the 11th AIVC Conference1.'Proceedings of the 11th AIVC Conferencen 362hPIINCOMPLETE; COUPLING; ESP; MODELING; MULTIZONE; SIMULATION; THERMAL MODELsThis paper describes the techniques used within the ESP system to represent and solve the heat and mass conservation equations relating to combined building and plant systems. In particular, it describes the equation-sets used to represent inter-zonal (building) and inter-component(plant) fluid flow and the method used for the integration of the nonlinear heat and mass flow equations. By means of a case study, the application in a real design context is demonstrated., 511C.(Clarke, J. A. Dempster, W. M. Negrao, C. 1995@9BUILDING ENERGY SIMULATION; CFD; COUPLING; ESP; MULTIZONEUD=The implementation of a CFD algorithm within the ESP-r systemeBuilding Simulation 95Building Simulation 95xs166-175tThis paper describes the implementation of a cfd algorithm within the ESP-r building energy modeling system. While the implementation is specific to ESP-r, the conflation approach is general anc could be applied to other building performance appraisal programs. The paper also presents an example application to indicate the potential effects of the enhanced modelling resolution and some of the new issues to emerge.t 510A6/Clarke, J. A. Hensen, J. L. M. Negrao, C. O. R.  1995D=BUILDING ENERGY SIMULATION; CFD; COUPLING; MULTIZONE AIR FLOWZTPredicting indoor air flow by combining network approach, CFD and thermal simulation.'Proceedings of the 16th AIVC Conference16th AIVC Conf.x145-174This paper describes a method which aims to generatean overall view of multizone building air flow by integrating methods for bulk air flow analysis, air flow field analysis, and thermal analysis. This has been achieved by implementing a CFD approach within the ESP-r buiding energy simulation environment which already incorporated a nodal air flow network approach. The current state of the method is demonstrated by a case study. The main conclusion form this is that the integrated method is very promising . Other preliminary conclusions concern the difficulty of finding suitable boundary conditions and numerical values for input parameters.~J}|  354CFeustel, H. E. 1989ZSAIR FLOW; INFILTRATION; LITERATURE REVIEW; MODELING; MULTIZONE; SINGLE ZONE AIRFLOW<6Mathematical Modelling of Infiltration and Ventilation.'Proceedings of the 10th AIVC Conference10th AIVC Conf.157-179It is particularly important to be aware of the ir flow pattern in a building when determining indoor air quality problems or calculating space conditioning loads for energy consumption. Correct sizing of space conditioning equipment is also dependent upon accurate air flow information. A number of infiltration models have been developed to calculate infiltration-related energy losses and the resulting air flow distribution in both, single-zone and multi-zone buildings. International infiltration research has been conducted since the early twenties - infiltration modeling, however, is a relatively new task. Most of the modeling effort has taken place during the last 15 years. This paper gives an overview of the development of infiltration models. 197nvoFeustel, H. E. Allard, F. Dorer, V. B. Grosso, M. Herrlin, M. Mingsheng, L. Phaff, J. C. Utsumi, Y. Yoshino, H. 1989HAINCOMPLETE; COMIS; MODEL; MODELING; MULTIZONE; MULTIZONE AIR FLOWf"The COMIS Infiltration Model.'Proceedings of the 10th AIVC Conferencet10th AIVC Conf.e233-251mThe COMIS workshop, using a multi-national, is planning to develop a reliable, smooth running multizone infiltration model on a modular base. This model not only takes crack flow into account but also covers flow through large openings, single-sided ventilation, cross ventilation and HVAC systems. The model contains a large number of modules which are peripheral to a steering program. COMIS can also be used as a basis for future expansion in order to increase the ability to simulate buildings. Small task groups were formed to work on particular problems in developing the modules. Each COMIS team member works on several task groups.m 198iFeustel, H. E. 1990HAINCOMPLETE; COMIS; MODEL; MODELING; MULTIZONE; MULTIZONE AIR FLOWL@:The COMIS Air Flow Model a Tool for Multizone Applications$Proceedings of Indoor Air 1990 Indoor Air 904,&It is particularly important to be aware of the air flow pattern in a building when determining IAQ problems or calculating space conditioning loads for energy consumption. A number of infiltratin models have been developed to calculate infiltration-related energy losses and the resulting air flow distribution in both, single-zone and multizone buildings. The COMIS workshop, using a multi-national team, developed a multizone infiltration model on a modular basis. This model not only takes crack flow into account but also covers flow through large openings, single-sided ventilation, cross ventilation and HVAC systems. COMIS can also be used as a basis for future expansion in order to increase the ability to simulate buildings. This paper gives an overview of the workshop and the developed model. 353  Feustel, H. E. Dieris, J.n 1991@:COMIS; MODELING; MULTIZONE; MULTIZONE AIR FLOW; SIMULATIONAir flow models are used to simulate the rates of inc oming and outgoing air flows for a building with known leakage under given weather and shielding conditions. Additional information about the flow paths and air-mass flows inside the building can only be made by using multizone air flow models, a literature review was performed in 1984. A second literature review and a questionnaire survey performed in 1989, revealed the existence of 50 multizone air flow models, all developed since 1966, two of which are still under development. All these programs use similar flow equations for crack flow, but differ in the versatility to describ4e the full range of flow phenomena and the algorithm provided for solving the set of nonlinear equations. This literature review has found that newer models are able to describe and simulate the ventilation systems and interrelation of mechanical and natural ventilation.; ;:4A Survey of Air Flow Models for Multizone Structures&%$ 384.>7Furtaw, E. J. Pandian, M. D. Nelson, D. R. Behar, J. V. 1995^WINCOMPLETE; CHAMBER TEST; MODELING; MULTIZONE; POLLUTANT DISTRIBUTION; STOCHASTIC MODELZSModeling Indoor Air Concentrations Near Emission Sources in Imperfectly Mixed RoomsJCProceedings of Engineering Solutions to Indoor Air Quality ProblemsEng. Sol. to IAQ Prob.Assessments of exposure to indoor air pollutants usually employ well-mixed models which assume homogeneous concentrations throughout a building or room. However, practical experience and experimental data indicate that concentrations are not uniform in rooms containing point sources of emissions; concentrations tend to be greater inclose proximity to the source than they are further from it. This phenomenon could account for the observation that personal air monitors frequently yield higher concentrations than nearby microenvironmental monitors. In this project, we systematically studied the concentraitons of a tracer gas at various distances from its emission source in a controlled-environment room-size chamber, under a variety of ventilation conditions. Measured concentrations in the proximity of the source deviated significantly above the predictions of a conventional well-mixed single-compartment mass balance model. The deviation was found to be a function of distance from the source and ventilation rate. At typical room ventilation rates, the average concentraiton at arm's length (~0.4m) from the source exceeds theoretical by a ratio of about 2:1. However, this ratio is not constant; the monitored concentraiton appears to randomly vary from near the theoretical value to several times above it. Concentration data were fitted to a two-compartment model with the source located in a small virtual compartment within the room compartment. These two compartments are linked with a stochastic air transfer rate parameter. The resulting model provides a more realistic simulation of exposure concentrations than does the well-mixed model for assessment of exposure to emissions from active sources. Parameter values are presented for using the enhanced model in a variety of typical situations..Godish, T Spengler, JD 1996HARelationship between ventilation and indoor air quality: a review indoor air6 135-145ehbventilation; iaq; literature review; sbs; field study; contaminant concentrations; health effects;D>Grimsrud, D.T. Hadlich, D.E. Krafthefer, B. Kuehn, T. Kuzj, P. 1996>8Radon entry into large buildings and energy conservation Indoor Air 961147-152\Uradon; large buildings; energy conservation; case study;contam; multizone; simulation$Grosso,M. Marino,D. Parisi,E.  1995TMA wind pressure distribution calculation program for multizone airflow modelsoBuilding Simulation '95C  Madison, WIa @9International Building Performance Simulation AssociationT105-118>8multizone modeling; simulation; wind; COMIS; wind tunnel@9... In order to obtain a more detailed evaluation, taking the Cp distribution on the envelope of buildings into account, a numerical model (CPCALC+) based on a parametrical analysis of wind tunnel test results was developed at LBL for the COMIS multizone airflow calculation program and upgraded with the CEC-DGXII PASCOOL program. CPCALC+ calculates Cp values at any position of a surface element on the envelope of a rectangular shaped building with flat or tilted roof for given conditions of terrain roughness, density of surrounding buildings, shape ratios,m and wind direction. This paper describe3s the parametrical approach used to analyse the reference Cp data as well as the algorithms included in the calculation model. The variation of Cp with respect to reference boundary condition was analysed in relation to several parameters: wind velocity profile exponent, plan area aspect ratios, wind incidence angle, roof tilt angle, facade element positioning co-=ordinates. Some of the relevant cuve-fitting function are shown. A flowchart of the program is also presented.j576 4T3 398,& Kafetzopoulos, M. G. Suen, K. O. 1995XQAIRFLOW MODELS; APACHE; COUPLING; MULTIZONE; SIMULATION; SWIFIB; THERMAL ANALYSISngCoupling of thermal and airflow calculation programs offering simultaneous thermal and airflow analysis(!Building Serv. Eng. Res. Technol.(!Building Serv. Eng. Res. Technol.16 33-36This paper assesses the feasibility of coupling a thermal simulation software (Apache) with a multi-zone airflow software (Swifib). The simultaneous multi-zone airflow and thermal analysis is particularly important in large enclosure buildings, such as atria. The study highlights the need for such analysis and shows that a new generation of combined thermal and airflow software can be produced by coupling the currently available thermal and airflow simulation software together. The combined software provides the design engineers with a fast, effective and computationally less demanding tool for analysing the performance of the built environment.9,@9Kerestecioglu, A. Swami, M. Fairey, P. Gu, L. Chandra, S.  1989ZSAIR FLOW; CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT; COUPLING; MODELING; MOISTURE TRANSPORT; SIMULATION @9This paper describes a general purpose software, FSEC 1.1, that is capable of solving various transport equations used in building science( eg, combined heat and moisture transfer, fluid flow, contaminant dispersion). The governing equations are solved by finite element methods. General capabiolities and an overview of the software structure are given. Results are presented for several types of combined heat and moisture transfer simulations: 1) in buldings; 2) in the presence of natural convection; 3) in a typical wall.; ; Software developed by modifying TARP.of`Modeling Heat, Moisture and Contaminant Transport in Buildings: Toward a New Generation Software 340  Klobut, K. 1991}BUILDING ENERGY SIMULATION; CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT; COUPLING; MODEL VALIDATION; MODELING; MULTIZONE; SIMULATION; THERMAL MODELThe computer program was developed for simultaneous dynamic simulation of contaminant concentrations, pressure distribution, airflows and temperatures in multizone buildings. Physical coupling existing between thermal behaviour of building structure and interzonal air movements has an impact on the distribution of contaminants in building. Consideration of this coupling in the calculation method used in the program is a considerable improvement when compared to other hitherto published programs of the same field. Network model was used for simulation of a building. Using extracts from the program SMOV the procedure was developed for calculating the pressure distribution in the network and resulting one-way airflows. Two-way airflows through large openings were calculated according to the method used earlier in the program MULTIC. The procedure for calculating the temperatures was developed using the thermal model of a room presented earlier in literature. An estimation of the temperature gradient in the room was enabled by permitting the room air to the theoretically divided into vertically stacked zones. The program is able to handle three source-strength / contaminant-concentraiton units. Air quality is evaluated if concentraitons are calculated using pol units. The reliability of the program was tested in a number of validation cases and very good agreement was obtained between the simulation results and comparison data. An example building was used in simulations. The dynamic distributions of contaminant concentrations in the building were determined in several setups of positions of doors, with and without the return air and with different thermal loads. The simulation results emphasized the importance of simultaneous calculation of temperatures and airflows. The present version of the program works well and may readily be used for research purposes. An extensive validation by means of measurements should be performed before it could be applied for design purposes.; ;XQDistribution of Contaminants in Buildings by Air Recirculation and Other Airflowsp (!Helsinki University of Technologyu Helsinki 107a 342i4.Klobut, K. Tuomaala, P. Siren, K. Seppanen, O. 1991>8COUPLING; MODELING; MULTIZONE; SIMULATION; THERMAL MODELpiSimultaneous Calculation of Airflows, Temperatures and Contaminant Concentrations in Multi-zone Buildings.'Proceedings of the 12th AIVC Conference12th AIVC Conf.103-122{The computer programs published so far have enabled the calculation of airflows at constant temperatures or of air temperatures at constant airflows. The first version of a new microcomputer program has now been developed in which the airflows and temperatures are calculated simulttaneously. The time-dependency of temperatures, airflows and contaminant concentrations is considered in the calculation method. The source strength of contaminants, outdoor air temperature, wind velocity and direction, convection and radiation loads can all be freely scheduled. The supply air temperature in mechanical ventilation can be selected as: (1) constant (and scheduled), (2) equal to that of the outdoor air, (3) calculated as the temperature of the mixture of outdoor air and return air. Constant temperature cases were simulated with the program and the results compared with those obtained from more sophisticated programs. Other cases, with variable temperatures, were compared with the measurements. Good agreement of the results was obtained in all cases. the paper describes the main features of the new program and gives some simulation results. 341  Klobut, K. 1993AIR FLOW; CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT; COUPLING; MODELING; MULTIZONE; PERCEIVED INDOOR AIR QUALITY; THERMAL ANALYSIS; VENTILATION SYSTEM MODELINGlfTheoretical Evaluation of Impact of Return Air and Thermal Load on Air Quality in a Multizone Building@:Proceedings of Modeling of Indoor Air Quality and Exposure ASTM STP 1205158-172The computer programs published so far enabled the computation of airflows assuming constant temperatures or the calculation of air temperatures assuming constant airflows. Recently, a new microcomputer program was developed in which thermal conditions were considered when predicting the spread of contaminants in buildings. The program enabled simultaneous dynamic simulations of contaminant distribution, airflows, and temperatures in a multizone building. Using the new program, the dynamic distributions of contaminant concentrations oand air quality in an example building were determined with and without the recirculation of ventilation air, with different thermal loads and with several door positions. for comparison, some simulations were repeated in isothermal conditions. The results showed that a high thermal load increased the spread of contaminant. Recirculation of the ventilatoin air had a deteriorative impact on the air quality in the simulated building. There was a clear difference in the air qualities predicted by the respective simulations carried out with and without thermal analysis. It is believed that the inclusion of thermal analysis considereably improved the calculation method for the evaluation of contaminant distribution in a building.$Klote, John H. Milke, James A. 1992("Design of Smoke Management Systems ASHRAED>design, fire protection, modeling, multizone, smoke managementASHRAE Special Publication that presents an excelent overview of "state-of-the-art" in design of smoke management systems. John Klote is the author of ASCOS which is a multizone modeling tool created for analyzing smoke management systems.ahvCf 366C Moser, A.n 1991ZSAIR FLOW; ANNEX 20; CFD; MODEL VALIDATION; MODELING; MULTIZONE; SINGLE ZONE AIRFLOWLB;The Message of Annex 20: Air Flow Patterns Within Buildingsu.'Proceedings of the 12th AIVC Conferenceo12th AIVC Conf. 1o 1-26NHThe IEA task-sharing project "Air flow within buildings: was initiated in May 1988 for a duration of 3 1/2 years. 12 nations contribute work and expertise and "share the task" specified in the project's objectives. This project and the AIVC belong to the same Implementing Agreement. As "Attachments to the Implementing Agreement, they are called Annexes. The general objective of the Annex is to evaluate the performance of single- and multi-zone air and contaminant flow simulation techniques and to establish their viability as design tools. To reach this goal, the work was divided into two parallel subtasks: one on single-room air and contaminant flow and the other on multi-zone air and contaminant flow and measurement techniques. This survey paper reviews project objectives and approach, both technically and from the point of view of project management. It offers an overview of the work performed and solutions contributed by the participating countries, it discusses problems encountered during the project and how these were solved, and summarizes final results. It shows how the various technical Annex 20 contributions to this conference are related to the overall Annex effort. General conclusions are drawn, consequences for future international projects are examined, and the main message of the multi-national program is formulated."Musser, Amy Yuill, Grenville 1999d^Comparison of Residential Air Infiltration Rates Predicted by Single-Zone and Multizone ModelsASHRAE Transactionss 105w Part 1jcairflow, airtightness, CONTAM, LBL model, modeling, multizone, single-zone, validation, ventilationCompares use of multizone model (CONTAM) and single-zone model (LBL model) in predicting infiltration rates of a single-family residential building. Fan pressurization measurements were made. Multizone model of the house consisted of over 2,000 zones and 7,000 leakage paths. Four different ventilation configurations were simulated including no mechanical ventilation or exhaust, supply fan only, exhaust fan only, and balanced supply and exhaust fans. Observations were made with respect to wind-related input parameters, envelope leakage distribution and utilizing both single-zone and multizone models to achieve simulation results faster than using only the multizone model.o Musser, Amy 2000>7Multizone Modeling as an Indoor Air Quality Design Tool*$Proceedings of Healty Buildings 2000 Espoo, Finland2 455 - 460August 6 - 10, 2000lD=air quality, design, modeling, multizone, source control, VOCcIncreased public awareness and changing industry standards have highlighted the importance of indoor air quality in the building design process. At the same time, many owners would like to construct buildings that conserve energy and minimize environmental impact. To accomplish both of these goals, the designer must be able to understand airflow rates, pressure relationships, and contaminant transport in buildings. This paper describes the use of a multizone model to perform design calculations for a new building on a college campus in the United States. The building incorporates a number of environmentally "progressive" features, such as natural ventilation, energy recovery, a biological wastewater treatment process, and CO2 demand controlled ventilation. The multizone modeling tool CONTAM is used to size an exhaust fan for source isolation, select minimum ventilation quantities to control building related contaminants, and specify procedures for flushing out contaminants prior to occupancy. The multizone model is also used to predict transient contaminant levels, taking into account weather and associated infiltration. The generalization of these design and analysis techniques to a wider range of indoor air quality design applications is also discussed.2D201./ 462NHensen, J. L. M. 1991BUILDING ENERGY SIMULATION; COUPLING; ESP; HVAC SYSTEM MODELING; MULTIZONE AIR FLOW; SIMULATION; THERMAL ANALYSIS; THERMAL COMFORT In this dissertation, developments in the field of building performance evaluation tools are described. The subject of these tools is the thermal interaction of building structure and heating and ventilating system. The employed technique is computer simulation of the integrated, dynamic system comprising the occupants, the building and its heating and ventilating system. With respect to buildings and the HVAC systems which service them, the practical objective is ensuring thermal comfort while using an optimum amount of fuel. While defining the optimum had to be left for other workers, the issue of thermal comfort is addressed here. The conventional theory of thermal comfort in conditions characteristic for dwellings and offices assumes steady-state conditions. Yet thermal conditions in buildings are seldom steady, due to the thermal interaction between building structure, climate, occupancy, and auxilliary systems. A literature review is presented regarding work on thermal comfort, specifically undertaken to examine what fluctuations in indoor climate may be acceptable. Form the results, assessment criteria are defined. Although its potentials reach beyond the area of Computer Aided Building Design, a description is given of biulding and plant energy simulation within the context of the CABD field of technology. Following an account of the present state-of-the-art, the choice for starting from an existing energy simulation environment (ESPr) is justified. The main development areas of this software platform - within the present context - are identified as: fluid flow simulation, plant simulation, and their integration with the building side of the overall problem domain. In the field of fluid flow simulation, a fluid flow network simulation module is described. The module is based on the mass balance approach, and may be operated either in stand-alone mode of from within the integrated buiding and plant energy simulation system. The program is capable of predicting pressures and mass flows in a user-defined building / plant network comprising nodes (i.e. buiding zones, plant components, etc.) and connections (i.e. air leakages, fans, pipes, ducts) when subjected to lfow control (eg thermostatic valves) and/or to transient boundary conditions (eg due to wind). The modelling and simulation techniques employed to predict the dynamic behaviour of the HVAC system, are elaborated. The simultaneous approach of the plant and its associated control is described. The present work involved extensions to the ESPr energy simulation environment with respect to robustness of the program, and with respect to additional plant simulation features, supported plant component models and control features. The coupling of fluid flow, plant side energy and mass, and buiding side energy simulation into one integrated program is described. It is this "modular-simulatneous" technique for the simulation of combined heat and fluid flow in a building/plant context, which enables an integral approach of the thermal interaction of building structure and hvac system. A multistage verification and validation methodology is described, and its applicability to the present work is demonstrated by a number of examples addressing each successive step of the methodology. A number of imaginary and real world case studies are described to demonstrate application of the present work both in a modelling orientated context and in a building engineering context.; ;ZSOn the thermal interaction of building structure and heating and ventilating system Hensen, J. 1995>8Modelling coupled heat and air flow: ping-pong vs onions16th AIVC Conference AIVC253-26160coupled; energy; airflow; simulation; multizone; 357n Herrlin, M. K. Allard, F.  199260MODELING; MULTIZONE; NONLINEAR; SOLUTION METHODSB;Solution Methods for the air balance in multizone buildingsEnergy and BuildingsEnergy and Buildings18159-170Air infiltration programs establish infiltration and ventilation rates in a building by the solution of a nonlinear system of equations. This paper discusses various modifications of the Newton-Raphson method and the special characteristics of the resulting linear system of equations. The air of the paper is selecting efficient and robust methods to solve the system of equations representing the airflow distribution in multizone buildings. Taking into account the special characteristics of the system of equations, we recommend a skyline-Cholesky's method for the linear solver. This method can be used in a general way for these problems and it appears to be very efficient in avoiding unnecessary operations on zero elements. The choice of an under-relaxation process to ensure the convergence and efficiency is not obvious. Two different methods are used to find the under-relaxation coefficients. The extrapolated method uses two steps of fixed-point iteration to calculate the starting value for the next step of the process. The optimized method uses a search routine where the direction of search is determined by Newton-Raphson and the distance of movement is determined by minimization of a related one-dimentional function. In studying the methods on the same sample of test cases, we found that they azRE very similar regarding CPU time. However, the optimized method appears to be safer and more efficient in the resolution of the nonlinear system. We, therefore, recommend using the optimized method for the nonlinear solver. 1589Herrlin, M. K. 1993HBINCOMPLETE; MODEL; MODEL VALIDATION; MODELING; MOVECOMP; MULTIZONEHAAir-Flow Studies in Multizone Buildings - Models and Applications $Royal Institute of TechnologyrHerrlin, Magnus K. 1999~wMultizone Airflow and Contaminant Modelin: Performance of Two Common Ventilation Systems in Swedish Apartment BuildingsASHRAE Transactions 105a1olfairflow, contaminant, leakage, multizone model, parametric study, residential, validation, ventilationThe goal of this work was to assess the performance of two common ventilation systems, an exhaust and an exhaust-supply system, in Swedish apartent building. Since correct air-exchange ain interzonal airflows are important for removing contaminants and improving indoor air quality, these airflows were analyzed by systematic computer calculations when selected input parameters were varied around their default values. The research specifically involved establishing characteristics of a prototypical building, determining appropriate boundary conditions (climate and operation), developing necessary physical/mathematical models, and establishing a protocol for carrying out the parametric studies required to assess airflow in buildings of this type.i 409C.(Jones, P. J. Powell, G. Alexander, D. K. 1993~wCOUPLING; ENERGY USE IN BUILDINGS; EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION; HTB2; INDUSTRIAL BUILDING; MULTIZONE AIR FLOW; SIMULATIONs>8The energy impact of ventilation on industrial buildings.'Proceedings of the 14th AIVC Conference14th AIVC Conf.1A combined thermal and ventilation model has been used to investigate the seasonal variation of air infiltration rates and ventilation heat losses inmodern industrial buildings. The model was initially compared to measurements of ventilation rates, temperatures and heating loads in such a buildng, and was found to agree well. The model was then used to predict infiltration rates, temperatures, ventilation heat losses and space heating loads for a standard heating season for that building. The effects of variation in the building airtightness, and of the intermittent use of the loading door were also investigated. The results indicated that modern design and construction practices could significantly reduce infiltration and so reduce energy use."#& P2 358 .(Field, A. J. Batty, W. J. Probert, S. D. 1991XRAIR FLOW; INFILTRATION; MODEL VALIDATION; MODELING; MULTIZONE; NATURAL VENTILATIONVPA Multizone model to facilitate predicting natural ventilation through buildings.'Proceedings of the 12th AIVC Conferenceh12th AIVC Conf.o1 139-159hA mathematical model ahs been developed which will facilitate the prediction of infiltration rates withing multizone buildings. The aim was to cater for: (i) significantly different temperatures in different parts of the building; (ii) flow paths at any height, including vertical connections between zones; and (iii) flow paths extending over large vertical distances. These aims led to the requirement in the associated computer program that the variation of pressure with height be accounted for independently within each zone of the building. In order to achieve these aims, the flows between zones were modelled by considering pressure differences and flow resistances. The neutral pressure level approach was found to introduce unnecessary complications. If the pressure in each zone varies with height, and at a rate which depends ohn the zone temperature, it is necessary to determine the pressure in each zone at a reference height. The floor level of each zone was chosen as the reference height. The total building pressures are solved simultaneously to give these reference pressures. Predictions obtained from the developed computer program have been compared with analytical solutions for simple systems as well as experimental data.h 225e"Fischer, R. D. Cudnik, R. A. 1993ZTCENTRAL FORCED-AIR SYSTEM; HOUSE-II; MODELING; MULTIZONE; RESIDENTIAL; THERMAL MODELThe House-II Computer Model for Dynamic and Seasonal Performance Simulation of Central Forced-air Systems in Multi-zone ResidencesASHRAE TransactionsyASHRAE Transactionst99, Pt 1This is the first of a series of papers on the HOUSE-II computer model developed in Phase IV of ASHRAE SP 43 for dynamic and seasonal performance simulation of a central forced-air space conditioning system in a multizone residence. This paper reviews our prior work with the single-zone model, discusses the need for a multi-zone version of the model, describes the conversion to multi-zone capability, and describes modeling capability and the present status of the HOUSE-II multi-zone model. 201r(!Furbinger, J. M. Borchiellini, R.l 1993BuMilke, James A. 2000<6Using Models to Support Smoke Management System Design"Fire Protection EngineeringoSummer 2000 Number 7 17-22e^WCFD, CONTAM, design, fire protection, modeling, multizone, simulation, smoke managementsA review of the types of modeling/simulation tools available to the designers of smoke management systems. Includes the use of small scale models, computer-based zone models, CFD models and network airflow models (e.g. CONTAM).g 229nModera, M. P. Jansky, R. 1992f_AIRTIGHTNESS; COMIS; DOE-2; DUCT LEAKAGE; MODELING; MULTIZONE; RESIDENTIAL BUILDING; SIMULATIONTMResidential Air-Distribution Systems: Interactions with the Building Envelope RLProceedings of the Thermal Performance of the Exterior Envelope of Buildings TPoEEBV 623-631r:3Residential ADS, used both for heating and cooling and less commonly for ventilation, have important interactions with the building envelope. These systems can either be enclosed withing the envelope or pass outside the envelope (in which case they represent an extension of the envelope). This paper addresses the three major types of interaction between ADS that pass outside the envelope and sigle-family buildings: 1) duct leakage and duct conduction when the distribution fan is off, which act like a thermal bridge in the envelope; 2) duct leakage during system operation, which creates large changes in the quantity and location of air infiltration and exfiltration through the envelope; and 3) supply/return flow imbalances within individual zones during fan operation, which create elevated envelope pressure differentials, infiltration rates, and exfiltration rates. A simulation tool that was developed to take into account all of these interactions is presented and applied. The simulation tool - which is based upon the DOE-2 thermal simulation model, a multizone airflow network model (COMIS), and an equipment model for the ducts - is used to examine the magnitude of all 3 interactions. The interaction issues examined include air infiltration/exfiltration magnitude and location, overall thermal exchange when the system is off, and air exchange when the system is operating, with and without internal doors closed. The most surprising result of the analyses presented was that the thermal siphon effect for perfectly sealed ducts was shown to have an impact on heat exchange between the house and unconditioned spaces that can be more thatn 4x larger than that due to typical duct leakage when the fan is not in operation. This result suggests that this issue merits more careful examination than it has received in the past.rJCMolhave, L Sparks, LE Wolkoff, P Clausen, PA Nielsen, PA Bergso, NC 1996|The Danish twin apartment study - part II: Mathematical modeling of the relative strength of sources of indoor air pollution Indoor Air6 18-30B7IAQPC; MODELING; MULTIZONE; RESIDENTIAL IAQ; SIMULATION.(Predicting indoor air quality with IAQPC4-Proceedings of the Jacques Cartier Conference4-Proceedings of the Jacques Cartier Conference101-108LFThe ability to predict the level of air contamination for any building for known sources and air cleaners has long been desired. IAQ consultants, building occupants, and especially, building designers and builders must be able to predict what type of indoor environment will result from their decisions. This paper presents the results of a model study using the IAQPC. The building modeled is a test house characterized in several studies. Experimental values for air cleaners efficiencies, source strengths, and ventilation rates have been combined to predict the contamination level in the house. In particular this paper addresses the effect of vacuum cleaning and cigarette smoking on a home's air supply and investigates the results of employing furnace filters relative to an ASHRAE rated filter and an electronic air cleaner. 153  Passard, J.f 1990,%INCOMPLETE; MODEL; MULTIZONE AIR FLOW4.Analysis of air circulation through a building$Building Research and PracticeBldg Res & PractThis paper provides a detailed acount of the development of a numerical model for estimating the airflow rates through openings and cracks in the building envelope. 344MPelletret, R. Y. 1987LECOUPLING; MODELING; MULTIZONE; RESIDENTIAL; SIMULATION; THERMAL MODELl<6Internal Heat Transfers and Heating Needs of BuildingsTMProceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Building Energy Management ICBEM'872 121-128&RQPdl *$Persily, Andrew K. Martin, Samuel R. 2000<6A Modeling Study of Ventilation in Manufactured Houses  Gaithersburg 4.National Institute of Standards and Technology February 2000  NISTIR 6455nf`building performance, manufactured homes, modeling, multizone analysis, residential, ventilation The HUD Manufactured Home Construction and Safety Standards (Part 3280, 1994) contain requirements intended to provide adequate levels of outdoor air ventilation in manufactured homes. In the implementation of these standards, questions have arisen regarding the impact and significance of some of these requirements. Some of these questions relate to the actual ventilation rates in homes built to the standards and the means of providing supplemental mechanical ventilation to meet the requirements of the standards. Other questions have arisen as to how specific ventilation system components such as duct leakage, local exhaust fans and ventilation inlets affect ventilation rates, air movement patterns, and building pressures. In order to obtain some insight into these issues, the multizone airflow and indoor air quality program CONTAM was used to simulate a double-wide unit under several different ventilation scenarios. These scenarios include envelope infiltration only, infiltration plus the effects of local exhaust and forced-fan operation, an outdoor air intake duct installed on the forced-air return, and whole house exhaust with and without passive inlet vents. Simulations were performed to predict outdoor air ventilation rates into the house due to infiltration and mechanical ventilation, interzone airflow rates between the rooms, building air pressures, and ventilation air distribution. Annual simulations were performed in three cities to assess ventilation rates and energy consumption associated with these scenarios. The results show that despite the assumption in the HUD standards that infiltration contributes 0.25 h-1, the predicted infiltration rates are lower than this value for many hours of the year. The supplemental ventilation systems investigated in this study provide ventilation rates that meet or exceed the total ventilation requirement of 0.35 h-1, but the impacts of such systems are dependent on their operating schedules. In addition, in these simulations, the impacts of a whole house exhaust fan are independent of whether this fan is located in the main living area or in a bathroom off the main living area. Also, for the case of ventilation with a whole house exhaust fan, the inclusion of passive inlet vents is not critical given the level of envelope airtightness used in these simulations. The results of these simulations are presented and discussed, and recommendations are made for changes to the HUD standards and for future research. 151C"Phaff, J. C. de Gids, W. F.r 1991LFDECAY RATE; DEPOSITION; MODELING; MULTIZONE; POLLUTANT TRANSPORT; SINKTNAirflow Driven Contaminants. Transport through Buildings. ANNEX 20 Subtask 2.5.'Proceedings of the 12th AIVC Conference12th AIVC Conf.123-140:3Air is the main transport for contaminants in buildings. Minimizing source strengths has first priority, second is to control air flow rates, supply and exhaust, and directions between zones in buildings. Computer simulation models for ventilation and pollutant spread in buildings have been proven to give useful predictions. Large measurement campaigns for optimizing ventilaiton and pollutant problems are complex and expensive. They are often jammed by too many vague parameters influencing the result. The computer models are an alternative and form a supplement to measurements. New ventilation systems or control strategies can be tested to some extent with the models. Measurements for checks and determination of source and sink coefficients for different materials are needed to tune the simulation models.Rao, J. Haghighat, F.n 1993NGA procedure for sensitivity analysis of airflow in multi-zone buildingsBuilding and Environment281 53-62:4sensitivity analysis; multizone; airflow; simulation 374E"Reusing, G. L. Bragg, G. M.Y 1990d^AIR FLOW; MODELING; MULTIZONE; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SIMULATION; STOCHASTIC MODEL; VENTILATION>8A Multi-Chamber Ventilation Model with Random ParametersBuilding and Environment Bldg. & Env.25339-347jdA generalized multi-chamber model is developed for air contaminant prediciton problems where the parameters of the system, such as airflow rates, are described by Gaussian probability distributions. A numerical solution, utilizing stochastic differential equations, is provided to facilitate its application. The model is used to calculate contaminant concentration histories described by means and standard deviations. It is also used to show the sensitivity of concentrations to the variation of such parameters as infiltration flows and contaminant source rates. Sample applications of the model are provided. 199n"Rodriguez, E. A. Allard, F.a 1992>7BUILDING ENERGY SIMULATION; COMIS; COUPLING; SIMULATION @:Coupling COMIS airflow model with other transfer phenomenaEnergy and BuildingsEnergy and Buildings18147-157One of the main characteristics of thermal and fluid mechanical behaviour of buildings is that it is dominated by coupled heat and mass transfer phenomena. In this paper we describe the main phenomena influencing the behaviour of buildings and propose a general formulation of these coupled phenomena. We then apply this formalism to two important problems. The first one deals with the coupling between a multizone thermal model and a multizone airflow model. The second one presents the coupling between the transport fo pollutants and airflow calculation in a multizone building. In order to illustrate our proposition we give various kinds of examples of coupled configuration.XZW8UT"Sf 167r&Said, M. N. A. MacDonald, R. A.t 1991:4MODEL VALIDATION; MODELING; MULTIZONE; SMOKE CONTROL4.An evaluation of a network smoke control modelASHRAE TransactionsiASHRAE Transactions97275-282rlThis paper describes the evaluation of the air and smoke movement model developed at a Canadian research institute. To verify the model, predicted data are compared with data from full-scale fire tests involving a pressurized stair shaft smoke control system. The tests were conducted in the 10-story experimental fire tower at the National Fire Laboratory of the National Research Council of Canada. Predicted data exhibit good agreement with measured data. The paper also discusses the effects of large exterior and interior openings and the pressure due to the fire on the building's pressures and on smoke migration.6/Said, M.N.A. Shaw, C.Y. Plett, E.G. Vaculik, F.U 1995xrComputer simulation of ventilation strategies for maintaining an acceptable indoor air quality in office buildingsASHRAE Transactions 1118-1125>7simulation; ventilation; office; renovation; multizone; 319E Sandberg, M. 1984f`AGE OF AIR; CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT; CONVECTION; DIFFUSION; MODELING; MULTIZONE; THEORETICAL MODELVOThe Multi-chamber Theory Reconsidered from the Viewpoint of Air Quality StudiesBuilding and Environment Bldg. & Env.19221-233A general multi-chamber model is presented and explored form the viewpoint of air quality studies. The model involves the following key concepts: purging flow rate and age distribution of both air and contaminants. From the physical and mathematical properties of the model, are deduced estimates of the magnitude of, and the relations between, the key concepts. The practical use of the model is illustrated.23 Sauer, H. J. Howell, R. H. 1992D>AIR FLOW; MODELING; MULTIZONE AIR FLOW; SIMULATION; VAV SYSTEM4.VAV system simulation program based on AIRNET,NGEstimating the indoor air quality and energy performance of VAV systemsaASHRAE JournalASHRAE Journal 34:7 43-50i81Schaelin, A. Dorer, V. van der Maas, J. Moser, A.l 1992f`A new method for linking results of detailed air flow pattern calculation with multizone models.13th AIVC Conference  Nice, France AIVCSeptember 15-18, 1992SUK, Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre, 13th AIVC Conference, proceedings, held Hotel Plaza Concorde, Nice, France, 15-18 September 1992. #DATE 15:09:1992 in Englishf0)air flow, multizone modelling, simulationeMulti-zone models are a common tool for calculating air and contaminant exchange within rooms of a building and between building and outdoors. Usually a whole room is then modelled by one calculation node with the assumption of homogeneously mixed conditions within this room whereas in real cases temperature and contaminant concentrations vary in space. The exchange to the neighbouring nodes via the flow paths is then a function of the local values of these variables. Detailed knowledge can be obtained from the solution of the transport equations for the airflow pattern within the room at the expense of far higher computation cost. This work shows a new approach called "method of detailed node values" to include results from detailed calculations in multi-zone models to give a better description of the real cases. Parameter transfer between a multi-zone program and a detailed air flow simulation program is discussed for different flow paths of practical importance. The method is demonstrated in an example case with air in/exfiltration, ventilation and contaminant propagation, and discussed in a second example with large openings. This new method promises to improve the multizone model predictions with few additional CFD computations. 501Q81Schaelin, A. Dorer, V. van der Maas, J. Moser, A.R 1993>7CFD; COUPLING; MODELING; MULTIZONE AIR FLOW; SIMULATIONEJDApplication of a new method for improved multizone model predictions.'Proceedings of the 14th AIVC Conference14th AIVC Conf.xxThis work shows the application to several examples of a new method which includes results from detailed calculations for oe room of importance in a multizone model of a whole building. The examples with air in/exfiltration, ventilation and contaminant propagation show the effects on the results of the predictions of the air flow and the contaminant spread by relaxing the homogeneity assumptions. The proposed name of the method is 'detailed flow path value method' (DFPV) as separate local variable values are considered for each flow path from the room of importance to the neighbouring rooms instead of one average value. It is discussed in which situations the DFPV method can be expected to improve the multizone model predictions.r .'Emmerich, Steven J. Nabinger, Steven J.n 2000f_Measurement and Simulation of the IAQ Impact of Particle Air Cleaners in a Single-Zone Building 4.National Institute of Standards and Technology February 2000l NISTIR NISTIR 6461lair cleaners, airflow modeling, building technology, computer simulation, infiltration, multizone, residential buildings, validation This report describes the initial phase of an effort to evaluate the ability of multizone airflow and pollutant transport models to predict the impact of residential IAQ control technologies. Measurements of the performance of several particulate air cleaning devices and related particle transport parameters were performed in a one-room test house. These measurements were used to calculate building air change rates, particle deposition rates and penetration factors, and air cleaner removal efficiencies. Two separate 24 h tests were performed with two of the tested air cleaners, and the measured air change rates and particle concentrations were compared to predicted values obtained with the CONTAM model. For both tests, simulated 24 h average air change rates were within 5 % of measured air change rates and simulated 24 h average particle concentrations were within 30 % of measurements for all particle sizes. Simulations were also performed to predict the impact of the air cleaners compared to a typical furnace filter.iy 148i>7Creuzevault, D. Cluzel, D. Dalicieux, P. Fauconnier, R.r 1990HAMODEL; MODEL VALIDATION; MODELING; MULTIZONE; POLLUTANT TRANSPORT,&An Indoor Air Quality Prediction Model$Proceedings of Indoor Air 1990 Indoor Air 90b4r165-170mThe analysis, use and validation of a model has been briefly presented here, it has a broad scope since it covers different professions (engineers, doctors) and skills. Modelling should afford a better analysis and understanding of the findings of the socio-cultural analysis (simulation using representative cases). Parametrical simulation studies will allow cost specifications to be proposed with respect to services and equipment meeting the desired health an safety criteria. 1509"de Gids, W. F. Phaff, J. C.o 1988VPMODEL VALIDATION; MODELING; MULTIZONE; RESIDENTIAL; RESIDENTIAL IAQ; VENTILATIONThe Dutch Std NEN 1087 "Ventilation of dwellings". Requirements, is at this moment under review. A statement is made that outside air is required as fresh air for bedrooms. Bathroom, kitchen, W.C. and living room are allowed to be ventilated with air from other rooms. During the last years air heating systems became more popular. These systems have n its most simple form recirculation of air from the LR the the bedrooms. The requirement of frest outside air for bedrooms can only be reached with these systems when selective recirculation takes place. During the reviewing process of the std, TNO has carried out some studies to investigate the differences in concentrations of contaminants in dwellings due to different ventialtion and heating systems. Measurements and calculations have been made in a lot of conditions to reconsider the requirement of pure outside air for bedrooms. In this investigation the following aspects were studied;,(!Recirculation of Air in Dwellings,&Proceedings of the 9th AIVC Conference9th AIVC Conf.301-310 60Dols, William S. Walton, George N. Denton, Kevin 2000CONTAMW 1.0 User Manual  Gaithersburg 4.National Institute of Standards and Technology June 2000; NISTIR NISTIR 6476dairflow analysis, building technology, computer program, contaminant dispersal, indoor air quality, multizone analysis, smoke management, ventilationxThis manual describes the computer program CONTAMW developed by NIST. CONTAMW is a multizone indoor air quality and ventilation analysis program designed to help you determine: airflows - infiltration, exfiltration, and room-to-room airflows in building systems driven by mechanical means, wind pressures acting on the exterior of the building, and buoyancy effects induced by temperature differences between the building and the outside; contaminant concentrations - the dispersal of airborne contaminants transported by these airflows and transformed by a variety of processes including chemical and radio-chemical transformation, adsorption and desorption to building materials, filtration, and deposition to building surfaces; and/or personal exposure - the prediction of exposure of building occupants to airborne contaminants for eventual risk assessment. CONTAMW can be useful in a variety of applications. Its ability to calculate building airflows is useful for assessing the adequacy of ventilation rates in a building, to determine the variation in ventilation rates over time, to determine the distribution of ventilation air within a building, and to estimate the impact of envelope air-tightening efforts on infiltration rates. The prediction of contaminant concentrations can be used to determine the indoor air quality performance of buildings before they are constructed and occupied, to investigate the impacts of various design decisions related to ventilation system design and building material selection, to evaluate indoor air quality control technologies, and to assess the indoor air quality performance of existing buildings. Predicted contaminant concentrations can also be used to estimate personal exposure based on occupancy patterns.        4.Dorer, V. Huck, F. Furbringer, J-M Roulet, C-A 19920*Evaluation of COMERL with the LESO Dataset EMPARKsensitivity analysis; COMIS; multizone; validation; measurement; simulation  Dorer, V. Furbringer, J-M 1993xqComparison of multizone air flow measurements and simulations of the LESO building including sensitivity analysis14th AIVC Conference\Usensitivity analysis; airflow; multizone; measurements; simulation; validation; COMISe 1991haINCOMPLETE; CO2; DEMAND-CONTROLLED VENTILATION; MODELING; MULTIZONE; RESIDENTIAL IAQ; VENTILATIONtmSimulated Performance of Demand Controlled Ventilation Systems Using Carbon Dioxide as an Occupancy IndicatorASHRAE TransactionsASHRAE Transactions97 Pt 2A central supply ventilation system and a distributed supply ventilation system were simulated to determine their relative performance in controlling occupant exposure to indoor air pollutants. 2 different control strategies were used: (1) constant exhaust flow rates (continuous ventilation) and (2) modulation of the exhaust flow rates to keep the CO2 concentration in the exhaust airstream constant (DCV). The DCV systems showed no clear advantage over the continuous ventilation systems. They reduced the exposures to some pollutants and increased the exposures to others. In some cases, the relative performance of the DCV systems depended strongly on whether central supply or distributed supply ventilation was used.MKJT 348ePelletret, R. Khodr, H.  1990xrAIR FLOW; EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION; LARGE OPENINGS; MODELING; MULTIZONE; NEUTRAL PLANE; SIMULATION; THERMAL MODELDevelopment and Validation of New Aeraulic Model Designed for Thermal Computation with Particular Attention to the Problems of Air Quality$Building Research and PracticeBldg Res & PractThe air flows in large openings, due to the buoyancy effect, can reach high values in comparison iwth the values of the air flows due to air leakage and ventilation. For example, through a standard opening, a difference of temperature 0.1 creates a circulation of air of about 120 m3/h. A difference of 1 in temperature creates an air circulation of about 390 m3/h. The buoyancy effect plays a major role in the diffusion of pollutants. To model the influence of the buoyancy effect, simplified models can sometimes be used. Such a model has been designed and partially validated. Its application field for the computation of air flows is limited to the case when the temperature profiles in the rooms are almost linear, and there is no multiple neutral plane. If there is a multiple neutral plane, the air flow rates can be very important although the average temperature of the rooms are equal. If a C2 class model is inapplicable, a C3 model must be used. But, to be very accurate, the c3 model has to take into account the vertical temperature gradients in the rooms. This kind of computation is not very complicated if the temperatuire profiles are known but it becomes complicated if temperature profiles are variables. In addition, the on-going experimental study would provide some data to velidate a model to compute the discharge coefficient of the large openings. Some elements of reflection could be provided about the physical mean of the discharge coefficient and its relevant use.t60Pelletret, R. Soubra, S. Keilholz, W. Melouk, A. 199281The concept of Intelligent Simulation Environment10tmAIR FLOW; ANNEX 23; CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT; COUPLING; INTELLIGENT SIMULATION ENVIRONMENT; MODELING; SIMULATIONnThe demand for powerful and easy-to-use simulation tools is growing both in the research community and also among the professionals. Some powerful simulation codes already exist or are under development but their use is restricted to inititated researchers circles. Today, concepts an dtools have been developed in order to facilitate the use of these simulation codes; one of the goals of Annex 23 is to apply these new concepts ot a Multizone Air Flow an dPollutant Transport simulation code: COMIS. The goal is to develop a socalled Intelligent Simulation Environment (ISE). After a brief description of the existing COMIS model, the papaer focuses on the concept of ISE developed by CSTB. The three main ideas on which this concept is built are: the sharing of data through an Integrated Data Model, the coupling of various simulation tolls via the ISE, the automatization of modelling and simulating tasks with the use of expert sytems. Briefly discusses coupling COMIS with TRNSYS. 152P*$Perera, M. D. A. E. S. Warren, P. R. 1985B;MODEL VALIDATION; MODELING; MULTIZONE; RESIDENTIAL; WINDOWS^WInfluence of Open Windows on the Interzone Air Movement within a Semi-detached Dwellingu,%Proceedings of the 6th AIC Conferencee 6th AIC Conf. 9-28In this paper, a multicell airflow computer program called BREEZE is used to determine the influence of open windows on the ventilation rates of a semidetached house for a variety of weather conditions. For a limited number of cases, the predicted values are compared with field measurements to indicate the degree of confidence which can be placed in the computer simulation. The effect of closing internal doors on ventilation rates and interzonal airflows is also considered.O 334n Persily, A. K. Grot, R. A. 1985haAIRTIGHTNESS; ENVELOPE; FAN PRESSURIZATION; INFILTRATION; MODELING; MULTIZONE; OFFICE; TRACER GAS4-The Airtightness of Office-building EnvelopesRLProceedings of the Thermal Performance of the Exterior Envelope of Buildings TPoEEB III125-143nhAlthough airtightness, infiltration, and ventilation are important considerations in large office buildings, these issues have been studied less in office buildings than in residential buildings. Several features of office buildings make their air exchange characteristics different from homes. These features include curtain wall de4sign and construction, mechanical ventilation systems, specific occupancy patterns, large volumes and building heights, and low surface to volume ratios. The recent development of measuring procedures and computer simulation programs for large buildings has enabled the study of air leakage in large buildings and the effects of air exchange on energy use and IAQ. This paper discusses the airtightness of building envelopes in modern office buildings and the relationship between envelope airtightness and air exchange rates. Results of whole building pressurization measurements and tracer gas measurements of air exchange rates in several office buildings are discussed, along with the relationship between these measurement results. A multizone computer simulation program developed at the NBS is applied to two office buildings to examine this relationship further. The results of the simulations reveal the importance of envelope airtightness, floor-to-floor coupling, and mechanical ventilation to the air change rates in these two buildings.mN20Persily, A. K. 1993XRAIR FLOW; CONTAM88; MODELING; MULTISTORY RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGSS; RADON; SIMULATIONBAIR FLOW; CABIN AIR QUALITY; ETS; MODEL; MULTIZONE; SIMULATIONb[Air distribution and contaminant mobility modeling throughout commercial passenger aircraftoFerriera, Michael J. 1998VOAnalysis of Smoke Control System Design Using a Computer-based Airflow AnalysistztPacific Rim Conference and Second International Conference on Performance-Based Codes and Fire Safety Design Methods  Maui, HawaiiMay 3 - 9, 1998JDCONTAM, design, modeling, multizone, smoke control, smoke managementcy, Andrew K. Martin, Samuel R. 2000<6A Modeling Study of Ventilation in Manufactured Houses  Gaithersburg 4.National Institute of Standards and Technology75 February 2000a NISTIR 6455uf`building performance, manufactured homes, modeling, multizone analysis, residential, ventilation The HUD Manufactured Home Construction and Safety Stan 413C$van der Maas, J. Roulet, C.-A. 1993|uCOUPLING; EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION; MULTIZONE AIR FLOW; NIGHT COOLING; SIMPLIFIED MODEL; SIMULATION; THERMAL STORAGEVOMultizone cooling model for calculating the potential of night time ventilationb.'Proceedings of the 14th AIVC Conference 14th AIVC Conf.o1hOne of the options to increase the energy efficiency of buildings in the cooling season, is to extract heat from the building envelope during the night by natural or forced ventilation. The exploitation of this technique by architects and designers requires the development of guide lines and a predesign tool showing how the potential cooling power depends on the influence of opening sizes and positions and on the interaction with the thermal mass. While a single zone model is sufficient to estimate roughly the heat extracted form the building, a multizone extension allows one to predict the distribution of air and wall temperatures and therefore the distribution of cooling power over the air flow path (when the zones are ventilated in series. A zonal cooling model based on the principles of mass and energy conservation and coupling ventilation with both heat transfer and a thermal model for the walls. The parameters of the ventilation model are the size and position of the openings, the stack height, and climatic parameters like temperature swing and wind characteristics. The heat transfer is parametrized by the exposed surface area of thermal mass, while the heat storage for heavy weight constructions is only characterized by both that surface area and the thermal effusivity of the exposed wall material. The predictions are compared with measurements for a simple flow path configuration.hWalker, Lain S. 1999RKDistribution System Leakage Impacts on Apartment Building Ventilation RatesASHRAE Transactions 1051haairflow, COMIS, duct leakage, infiltration, measurement, multizone model, residential, simulationhForced air distribution systems in residential buildings are often located outside the conditioned space, for example, in attics, crawl spaces, garages, and basemets. Leaks from the ducts to these unconditioned spaces or outside can change flows through the registers and change the ventilation rates of the conditioned spaces. In this study, duct leakage flows were measured in several low-rise apartment buildings. The leakage flow measurements and other data about the apartments were used to develop a prototype apartment building. The multizone arflow model COMIS was then used on this prototype building to determine internal flows within the building, airlflows through the building envelope, and the impacts of the duct leakage on the ventilation rates. The effects of sealing the duct leaks were also examined in order to determine changes in infiltration rates resulting from duct retrofits. The simulation results showed that for the prototype tested here, the excess return leakage tended to decrease envelope infiltration flows by about 20%, but the total infiltration load, including return duct leaks, more than doubled during system operation.he 12th AIVC Conferences12th AIVC Conf. 235-243gHeiselberg, P. 1993f_Concentration distribution in the centre plane of a ventilated room under isothermal conditionso Indoor Air3t 34-40aF?measurements; contaminant distribution; ventilation performanceaThis paper presents a series of full-scale measurements of the concentration distribution in the centre plane of a room with isothermal mixing ventilation. Vertical profiles of the concentration in the middle of the room have been measured under different conditions. With the contamination source in the middle of the room the vertical profiles were changed radically with an increase of the air change rate from n=1.5h-1 to n=6h-1 due to a change in the flow structure in the room. With a constant air change rate, the location of the contamination source in the room showed a great influence on the vertical profile. A high velocity around the contamination source resulted in a uniform contaninant distribution in the room, while a low velocity resulted in considerable differences. Contours of concentraiton in the centre plane of the room have been measured using different contaminant densities. The densities were low, neutral and high in relation to the density of air. The results showed that the contaminant distribution in the room with the chosen flow conditions depended strongly on the contaminant desntiy, and that the high density case gave the highest concentraitons in the occupied zone.Andy has journal.  N  100CBlomsterberg, A. 1991:4EXHAUST VENTILATION; MULTIZONE AIR FLOW; RESIDENTIAL>8Ventilation Control within Exhaust Fan Ventilated Houses.'Proceedings of the 12th AIVC Conference12th AIVC Conf.285-305Modern one-family houses in Scandinavia are often ventilated by an exhaust fan. Most of the outdoor air probably enters through whatever cracks and openings there are and only a small part enters through the supply vents in many of these houses. The overall supply of outdoor air might be adequate, but some rooms often do not get enough of outdoor air. The constant concentration tracer gas technique was used to examine the supply of outdoor air. Fan pressurization combined with infrared photography were employed to characterize the air leakage of the building. A multizone network model was used to further e aluate the measurements. A reasonable level of outdoor air, upstairs in an airtight two-storey house, can be ensured by locating the supply venta upstairs close to the floor. If that is not possible additional exhaust vents can be installed. If more that 3/4 of the outdoor air is to enter throught the supply vents, then the airtightness should be better than 1.0 ach at 50 Pa. The performance of an exhaust fan system is very much dependent upon the overall airtightness (including open supply vents) and the distribution of the airtightness of the building. 408C Blomsterberg, A. Wall, M.G 1993}APARTMENT BUILDING; ATRIUM; CASE STUDY; ENERGY USE IN BUILDINGS; FAN PRESSURIZATION; MOVECOMP; MULTIZONE AIR FLOW; SIMULATIONHBThe energy impact of ventilation and air infiltration in an atrium.'Proceedings of the 14th AIVC Conferencea14th AIVC Conf. 1 Many modern office and residential buildings in Sweden include an atrium. The atria are often mechanically ventilated and sometimes they are heated. Very little is known about the ventilation and air infiltration in built atria. These issues were examined in an apartment building with a nonheated and mechanically ventilated atrium, built in 1986 in Sweden. The ventilation of the atrium is coupled to the apartments. The pper examines the ventilation, air infiltration, airtightness and the energy impact of an atrium. Fan pressurization was employed to characterize the air leakage of the atrium and the apartments. The energy use and temperatures in the atrium and in the apartments were monitored continuously for a year. A multizone network model was used to further evaluate the ventilation and the air infiltration. The energy balance was estimated using a dynamic simulation model. The roof of the tested atrium is very leaky and therefore the exfiltration is large. The energy use for space heating of the tested apartments can be reduced if the atrium and the apartments are made tighter. The knowledge concerning the real airtightness and ventilation of atria and surrounding buidings is insufficient. There are also many ideas as to how to ventilate an atrium.  127e,%Borchiellini, R. Cali, M. Torchio, M.t 1995hbCOMIS; MODEL VALIDATION; MODELING; MULTIZONE; MULTIZONE AIR FLOW; RESIDENTIAL BUILDING; TRACER GASThe comparation of the measured air flow in a detached house built by ITALGAS with the results of a simulation model are given in this paper. The detached house has been built mainly for experimental purposes and therefore allows very detailed measurements of the internal and outside microclimate (e.g. wind velocity, air temperature, humidity, etc.). Furthermore, the air permeability of the house has been characterised by means of the pressurisation technique. The ventilation measurements have been carried out using the tracer gas technique (decay method with 2 gases: SF6 and N2O). A mobile, multizone, multitracer apparatus designed and built at the Dipartimento di Energetica of the Politecnico di Torino has been used. The measured data has been analysed using an inverse problem technique in order to calculate the time histories of the air flow rates during the measurement period and their uncertainties. The building envelope air leakage coefficients and the meteorological data has been used in COMIS to obtain the simulated air flow rates. The comparison with the measured airflow allows one to define the application limits of the here studied model.; ;RLExperimental Evaluation of COMIS Results for Ventilation of a Detached House Chung, K-C 1996D>The evaluation of total IAQ in a multizone model of a buildingIndoor Built Environment5291-30282multizone model; pmv; ppd; apartment; residential;t TEmmerich, Steven J. Persily, Andrew K. 1996PJMultizone Modeling of Three Residential Indoor Air Quality Control Options 4.National Institute of Standard  ASHRAE 1995An Evaluation of the Effect of CO2-Based Demand-Controlled Ventilation Strategies on Energy Use and Occupant-Source Contaminant Concentrations $Enermodal Engineering LimitedS June 1995;*$ASHRAE Research Project Final Report740-TRP,CO2, CONTAM, demand controlled ventilation, energy, ENERPASS, formaldehyde, indoor air quality, modeling, multizone, simulation, ventilation | vThis study examines the effectiveness of using CO2-based DCV to provide adequate IAQ with minimum energy use. A detailed building energy analysis program ENERPASS was combined with CONTAM to perform the analysis. The combined program was used to evaluate the annual heating and cooling energy consumption and CO2 and formaldehyde concentrations. The assessment was made on a mid-sized commercial building designed to comply with ASHRAE 90.1 for 4 climate zones (Chicago, Nashville, Phoenix, and Miami). 3 separate hvac systems were studied: single zone, multizone and VAV. The simulations wer made for 5 ventilation control strategies: fixed ventilation, building return air controlled to 1000 ppm and 800 ppm, floor return air controlled to 1000 ppm and each zone controlled to 1000 ppm. For single zone systems, DCV offers superior performance to fixed ventilation. At a CO2 setpoint of 1000 ppm, heating energy use is reduced by approximately 30% and average office CO2 concentrations is similar to a fixed ventilation system. At a setpoint of 800 ppm, heating energy use is reduced by 20%, and average office CO2 levels are 50 to 90 ppm lower than with the fixed ventilation case. There is little impact on cooling energy use with the addition of CO2 controlled ventilation. CO2 control of ventilation air is recommended for single zone HVAC systems especially for zones with variable occupance (e.g. meeting rooms) in order to ensure better IAQ. Using CO2-based DCV with VAV systems offers energy savings similar to those of the single zone system. For multizone systems. the reduction in heating is similar in absolute terms but, because of the larger heating load, is smaller in percentage terms (5 to 12%). For both systems, the average CO2 concentraiton with a control setting of 1000 ppm is 70 to 150 ppm higher than with the fixed ventilation case. Lowering the setting to 800 ppm results in lower CO2 levels than the fixed ventilation case and keeps the maximum concentrations below 1000 ppm for all zones. CO2 controlled ventilation is recommended in multizone and VAV systems for most climates to save heating energy. In warm climates, however, the heating savings are small and probably do not justify a CO2 based system. Providing additional sensors in the return duct of each floor had little impact on energy use and IAQ. Installing sensors in each zone increases energy use slightly and ensures that the concentration in each zone stays below 1000 ppm. This would, of course, be a more expensive control option. Central control set to 800 ppm offers similar performance to sensors in each zone, but at a much lower installed cost. Demand controlled ventilation did not control the concentration of formaldehyde as well as the fixed ventilation case for any of the control strategies studied. CO2 control of ventilation should include a morning purge cycle where non-occupant generation of pollutants is of concern..'Also ASHRAE paper by Stephen Carpenter.ah AIVC Conf.301-310 4.Dorer, V. Huck, F. Furbringer, J-M Roulet, C-A 19920*Evaluation of COMERL with the LESO Dataset EMPARKsensitivity analysis; COMIS; multizone; validation; measurement; simulation  Dorer, V. Furbringer, J-M 1993xqComparison of multizone air flow measurements and simulations of the LESO building including sensitivity analysis14th AIVC Conference\Usensitivity analysis; airflow; multizone; measurements; simulation; validation; COMISeoq n({ 338CDorer, V. Weber, A.N 1994xrBUILDING ENERGY SIMULATION; COMIS; COUPLING; MODELING; MULTIZONE; PASSIVE COOLING; SIMULATION; TRNSYS; VENTILATIONJCSimulation of Passive Cooling and Natural Facade Driven Ventilation..'Proceedings of the 15th AIVC Conference 15th AIVC Conf.nIN many design cases, energy as well as ocupant comfort are the relevant ccriteria which are studied using computer simulation programs. Comfort evaluations cover air quality, thermal, visual and acoustical domfort. For all these individual aspects, specific simulation programs are available today, but very few programs allow for the integrated evaluation of several or all relevant parameters. The more, heat transport, ventilation as well as lighting are physically coupled and therefore must be integrally modelled in the simulation process. This paper gives a short description of the concept used for the coupling of the air flow simulation code COMVEN with the building and systems simulation code TRNSYS. Then, 2 application examples typical for a building design study situation are presented. The first example shows a multi-story biulding which is passively cooled at night-time due to natural stack airflow. The influence of the operation of the openings on the maximum room temperatures is discussed for a hot summer period case. The facade of the ubilding of example 1 shall be retrofitted with a glazed outer facade. In example 2, the natural ventilation of this building is studied. Ventilation is provided by naturally driven shaft ventilatoin through the facade spaces. Control strategies for the openings and the blinds are discussed in respect to overheating risk and minimum air flow rates. 219EEdwards, R. Irwin, C.n 1994&INCOMPLETE; MODELING; MULTIZONElhaAn overview of methodologies for the assessment of the performance of domestic ventilaton systems.'Proceedings of the 15th AIVC Conference15th AIVC Conf.1As levels of thermal insulation used in dwellings increase, so the significance of the choice of ventilation strategy increases, in terms of range of factors such as energy consumption, pollutant control, and running and maintenance costs. It is generally desirable to be able to make use of computer based performance assessment tools. This paper briefly discusses the key dwelling performance factors which are influenced by choice of ventilaton strategy, and compares a cross section of assessment tools with differing capabilities. It is found that the degree of integration of performance factor assessment is poor, particularly with regard to financial implications. D>Emmerich, Steven J. Persily, Andrew K. VanBronkhorst, David A. 1995\UA Workplan to Analyze the Energy Impacts of Envelope Airtightness in Office Buildings 4.National Institute of Standards and Technology December 19955 NISTIR NISTIR 5758eairflow modeling, building energy simulation, building technology, commercial buildings, computer simulation, HVAC systems, infiltration, modeling, multizone modeling, ventilationc\VThe purpose of this study was to estimate the energy use in commercial buildings due to infiltration and ventilation airflows and to investigate the potential for energy savings that could be realized by envelope tightening efforts. A set of 25 buildings was used as a representative sample of the U.S. commercial building stock as of 1995. Buildings were located in cities throughout the U.S. so that a representative sample of climates was also taken into account. Leakage characteristics were assigned to each building based on limited envelope leakage data that exist for U.S. office buildings. ,&Emmerich, Steven J. Persily, Andrew K. 1996PJMultizone Modeling of Three Residential Indoor Air Quality Control Options 4.National Institute of Standards and Technology March 1996 NISTIR NISTIR 5801,airflow, building technology, computer simulation, filtration, heat recovery ventilation, HVAC, indoor air quality, infiltration, modeling, multizone, residential, ventilation N GThe National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) performed a preliminary study of the use of central forced-air heating and cooling system modifications to control indoor air quality (IAQ) in residential buildings. The objective of this effort was to provide insight into the use of state-of-the-art multizone airflow and IAQ models to evaluate such modifications, the potential of these modifications to mitigate residential IAQ problems, the pollutant sources they are most likely to impact, and their potential limitations. This study was not intended to determine definitively whether the IAQ control options studied are reliable and cost-effective. Another important objective of the project was to identify issues related to the use of multizone IAQ models and to identify areas for follow-up work. This report summarizes the three phases of this effort, each of which consisted of three main tasks. The Phase I tasks included conducting a literature review, developing a plan for computer analysis, and holding a workshop to discuss the plan. The Phase II.A tasks included baseline simulations of contaminant levels without indoor air quality (IAQ) controls, design of the IAQ control retrofits, and preliminary simulations of contaminant levels with the IAQ control retrofits. The Phase II.B tasks included computer simulations of contaminant levels with IAQ control retrofits, evaluation of the effectiveness of the IAQ control retrofits, and development of recommendations for future research. This report is a consolidation of the three previous reports on the project: Emmerich and Persily 1994 on Phase I, Emmerich and Persily 1995a on Phase II.A, and Emmerich and Persily 1995b on Phase II.B. The multizone airflow and pollutant transport program CONTAM93 was used to simulate the pollutant concentrations due to a variety of sources in eight buildings with typical HVAC systems under different weather conditions. Three indoor air quality control technologies were incorporated into the house models to determine their effectiveness in controlling the modeled pollutant sources. The technologies include the following: electrostatic particulate filtration, heat recovery ventilation, and an outdoor air intake damper on the forced-air system return. Simulation results indicate that the system modifications reduced pollutant concentrations in the houses for some cases. However, the heat recovery ventilator and outdoor air intake damper increased pollutant concentrations in certain situations involving a combination of weak indoor sources, high outdoor concentrations, and indoor pollutant removal mechanisms. In cases where the IAQ controls reduced pollutant concentrations, they led to larger relative reductions in the tight houses than in the houses with typical levels of airtightness, though the typical houses still had lower post-control concentrations. The controls had the largest impact on concentrations of a non-decaying pollutant from a constant source. Limited system run-time under mild weather was identified as a limitation of IAQ controls that operate in conjunction with forced-air systems.,&Emmerich, Steven J. Persily, Andrew K. 1998pjEnergy Impacts of Infiltration and Ventilation in U.S. Office Buildings Using Multizone Airflow Simulation Andrew K. Persily,IAQ and Energy 98 New Orleans, Louisiana ASHRAE191-203October 24-27, 1998airflow modeling, building energy simulation, building technology, commercial buildings, computer simulation, HVAC systems, infiltration, modeling, multizone modeling, ventilationc;:>$Kronvall, J. Blomsterberg, A. 1995jcPerformance of passive stack ventilation in a single-family house: a computational simulation study16th AIVC Conference AIVC 25-36kLEpassive stack; ventilation; simulation; residential; COMIS; multizoner\ULansari, A Streicher, JJ Huber, AH Crescenti, GH Zweidinger, RB Duncan, CP Burton, RM 1996b[Dispersion of automotive alternative fuel vapors within a residence and its attached garagee Indoor Air6t118-126NHmultizone; garage; residential; automobile; validation; contam; methanol 156F Li, Y. 1993LEMODELING; MOISTURE TRANSPORT; MULTIZONE; ODOR; RADON; RESIDENTIAL IAQM0*Predictions of IAQ in multi-room buildings$Proceedings of Indoor Air 1993 Indoor Air 935557-5623 indoor air problems in multiroom buildings are simulated by a multizone air flow model and an air quality model. They are: odor complaints by the occupants in a Swedish single family house; moisture content vs time relationships for kitchen air; and radon concentrations in a residence with an oil-burning heating system. Suggestions have been made to improve IAQ in these buildings. Both the air change rates and air flow direction have considerable influence on the concentratin of pollutants produced in buildings and could be used effectively to control the accumulation of such pollutants. The level of air in the distribution of leakage or an opening can result in a different air flow rate and direction; and thus a different level of iaq.b_a`^]X& 200o60Schalin, A. Dorer, V. Van der Maas, J. Moser, A. 1992<5INCOMPLETE; CFD; COMIS; COUPLING; MODELING; MULTIZONEf_A New Method for Linking Results of Detailed Air Flow Pattern Calculation with Multizone Models.'Proceedings of the 13th AIVC Conferencee13th AIVC Conf.t 63-76iMultizone models are a common tool for calculating air and contaminant exchange within rooms of a building and between bulding and outdoors. Usually a whole room is then modelled by one calculation node with the assumption of homogeneously mixed conditions within this room whereas in real cases temperature and contaminant concentrations vary in space. The exchange to the neighbouring nodes via the flow paths is then a function of the local values of these variables. Detailed knowledge can be obtained from the solution of the transport equations for the air flow pattern within the room at the expense of far higher computation cost. This work shows a new approach called "method of detailed node values" to include results from detailed calculations in multizone models to give a better description of the real cases. Parameter transfer between a multizone program and a detailed air flow simulation program is discussed for different flow paths of practical importance. The method is demonstrated in an example case with air in/exfiltration, ventilation and contaminant propagation, and discussed in a second example with large openings. This new method promises to improve the multizone model predicitons with few additional CFD computations. 381o,%Schneider, P. S. Roux, J.-J. Brau, J.l 1995>8COUPLING; MODELING; MULTIZONE; SIMULATION; THERMAL MODELPJStrategies for Solving the Air Flow-Thermal Problem in Multiroom BuildingsBuilding and Environment Bldg. & Env.30277-286B7Several low-cost ventilation systems, intended to meet the continuous-ventilation requirements specified in the Canadian residential ventilation standard, CSA F326, were investigated. 8 ventilation system configurations were installed, commissioned, and tested in the field to obtain operating experience withthe syustems and to establish confidence in the simulation software. CO2 and HCHO levels were simulated inhouses with several different ventilation system configurations. The cases modeled included houses with and without forced-air recirculation systems, average and tight building envelopes, and average and heavy occupancies. It was determined that several low-cost techniques, including fan-driven limited-distribution systems combined with one or more exhaust fans, canbe effective in providing good indoor air quality control, while some other techniques should not be relied on. Examination of continuous CO2 measurements in 2 mechanically ventilated houses suggested that the fresh air supply rates specified by CSA F326 provide good control of this contaminant.22,Sparks, L. E. Jackson, M. D. Tichenor, B. A. 1988XQComparison of EPA Test House Data with Predictions of an Indoor Air Quality Model IAQ 88251-2642+Proceedings of ASHRAE Indoor Air Quality 88  180dD=INCOMPLETE; MODEL VALIDATION; MODELING; MULTIZONE; TEST HOUSE An easy-to-use iaq model is described. It is a multi-component model based on a well-mixed mixing model. Sources and sinks are allowed in each compartment. A menu-driven fill-in-the form user interface is used to control program flow and obtain data from the user. On-screen graphical output is provided. The model estimates the effects of HVAC, air cleaning, room-to-room air movement, and natural ventilation on pollutant concentrations. Experiments conductd in the EPA test house using moth crystal cakes for model verification are described. The agreement between small chamber emission factors, model predictions, and test house data is very good. Predicted weight loss of the moth crystal cakes was within 5 % of the measured weight loss. Predicted room concentrations of p-dichlorobenzene are within 20 % of the measured values. Future directions for model development and experimental studies are discussed.96@9Sparks, L. E. Tichenor, B. A. Jackson, M. D. White, J. B.w 1989LFEXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION; IAQPC; MODELING; MULTIZONE; RESIDENTIAL IAQRLVerification and uses of the environmental protection agency (EPA) IAQ modelIndoor Air Quality 1989 IAQ 89146-150This paper describes a set of experiments used to verify an IAQ model for estimating the impact of various sources on IAQ in a multi-room building. The model treats each room as a well mixed chamber that contains pollutant sources and sinks. The model allows analysis of the impact of room-to-room airflows, HVAC systems, and aircleaners on IAQ. The model is written for personal computers. The experiments were conducted in a test house. 3 different pollution sources were used in the experiments - moth crystals, kerosene heaters, and drycleaned cloths. The model predictions were in good agreement with the experimental data, especially when a sink term was included in the model. The paper presents a brief discussion of the theory on which the model is based. Preliminary data and theory of sources and sinks are also discussed. Examples demonstrating the use of the model to analyze IAQ control options and to estimate exposure from a pollutant are included. 179gNGSparks, L. E. Jackson, M. Tichenor, B. White, J. Dorsey, J. Stieber, R. 1990zsINCOMPLETE; EMISSION MODELING; INDOOR; MODEL VALIDATION; MODELING; MULTIZONE; SOURCE; SOURCE STRENGTH; TEST CHAMBER XQAn Integrated Approach to Research on the Impact of Sources on Indoor Air Qualityn$Proceedings of Indoor Air 1990 Indoor Air 90vD>An approach for analyzing the impact of sources on IAQ based on chamber studies, modeling, and test house studies is described. Source emission factors are developed in chamber studies. The emission factors are used in an IAQ model that incorporates room-to-room air movement, sinks, and air exchange with the outdoors to predict indoor air pollution concentrations from the source. Test house experiments are used to verify the model and identify unmodeled factors. The agreement between model predictions based on chamber emission factors and test house data is excellent.Tichenor, BA Sparks, LEo 1996XQManaging exposure to indoor air pollutants in residential and office environments Indoor Air6259-270>8multizone; model; residential; office; exposure; source;?< 157 Li, Y. Holmberg, S.i 19934-BOUNDARY CONDITIONS; CFD; MODELING; MULTIZONEERKGeneral flow- and thermal-boundary conditions in indoor air flow simulation$Proceedings of Indoor Air 1993 Indoor Air 935551-556The concepts of general flow and thermal boundary conditions are introduced to treat interaction between indoor and outdoor thermal environments in CFD simulations. The results from a multizone model are used to supply the general flow boundary conditions. The energy balance equation at wall-air interface is used to supply the general thermal boundary conditions. An example calculation in a 13 room building shows that infiltration influences indoor air flow patterns considerably. The air flow in a room with 2 surface coatings ventilated by displacement is measured and simulated. Implementation of these 2 boundary conditions is essential in predicting air flow pattern, air quality, and thermal comfort in a real building. 378A Liddament, M.M 19902,COMIS; MODEL VALIDATION; MODELING; MULTIZONE>7Annex 23 Multizone Air Flow Modelling - A New IEA AnnexNAir Infiltration Review Air Inf. Rev.t12 6-7e  Mansson, L-G 1995VOEvaluation and demonstration of domestic ventilation systems - State of the Art ,%Swedish Council for Building Research1A12:1995JDresidential; ventilation; energy; multizone model; input; pollutant;l Axley, James W. 19872+Indoor Air Quality Modeling Phase II Report  Gaithersburg 4.National Institute of Standards and Technology October 1987 NBSIR NBSIR 87-3661icontaminant dispersal analysis, airflow simulation, building simulation, building dynamics, computer simulation techniques, discrete analysis techniques`YThis interim report presents the results of Phase II of the NBS General Indoor Air Pollution Concentration Model Project. It describes the theoretical basis of a general-purpose nonreactive contaminant dispersal analysis model for buildings, the computational implementation of a portion of this model in the program CONTAM86, and examples of the application of this model to practical problems of contaminant dispersal analysis. Presently the model is being extended to handle problems of reactive contaminant dispersal analysis and full computational implementation of all portions of the model is being completed. The contaminant dispersal analysis model is based upon the idealization of building airflow systems as an assemblage of flow elements connected to discrete system nodes corresponding to well-mixed air zones within the building and its HVAC system. Equations governing the airflow processes in the building (e.g., infiltrations, exfiltration, HVAC system flow, and zone-to-zone flow) and equations governing the contaminant dispersal due to this flow, accounting for contaminant generation or removal, are formulated by assembling element equations so that the fundamental requirement of conservation of mass is satisfied in each zone. The character and solution of the resulting equations is discussed and steady and dynamic solution methods outlined.s Axley, James W. 1988Progress Toward A General Analytical Method for Predicting Indoor Air Pollution in Buildings - Indoor Air Quality Modeling Phase III Report  Gaithersburg 4.National Institute of Standards and Technology July 1988 NBSIR NBSIR 88-3814contaminant dispersal analysis, airflow simulation, building simulation, building dynamics, computer simulation techniques, discrete analysis techniquesAxley, James W. Grot, R. 1989\VThe Coupled Airflow and Thermal Analysis Problem in Building Airflow System SimulationASHRAE Transactions 95.2621-628ASHRAE Transactionso 339vD>COUPLING; MODELING; MULTIZONE; THERMAL ANALYSIS; THERMAL MODELThe IAQ and V group at NIST has developed a method of building airflow analysis, based upon element assembly techniques, that has been successfully applied to the determination of the macroscopic characteristics of infiltration, exfiltration, and interzonal airflows in complex building airflow systems driven by wind pressures, buoyant forces, and the building HVAC system. This analytical method was formulated to be compatible with a discrete thermal analysis method, also based on element assemblyn techniques and developed earlier, which may be applied to problems of building thermal analysis. This paper will review the theoretical bases of these two related methods and present a theoretical framework to solve the coupled airflow and thermal analysis problem in building airfl,ow system simulation. Formulation of the coupled airflow-thermal analysis problem will be presented and numerical methods for the solution of this problem will be outlined.Axley, James W. 198981Multi-zone dispersal analysis by element assemblyBuilding and Environment242113-130.(multizone; element assembly; iaq; model;general theoretical discussion of multizone modeling which includes consideration of non well-mixed zones (2 node convection diffusion element to model duct flow)Axley, James W. 1990B;Element Assembly Techniques and Indoor Air Quality Analysis115-120 400B;INCOMPLETE; CONTAM88; ELEMENT ASSEMBLY; MODELING; MULTIZONEElement assembly techniques have been applied to develop methods to model a) airborne contaminant dispersal, b) airflow, and c) heaat transfer in complex multi-zone building systems. Individually, these methods allow an integrated consideration of the building envelope, construction, and mechanical system interaction, are computationally non-demanding, and can be employed to model whole building systems of arbitrary complexity. As a group, these methods are, in principle, computationally compatible and are presently being integrated to provide comprehensive IAQ analysis capabilities. This paper will present an outline of the theory underlying these methods and describe the US NIST families of programs that implement them.O-,L*+)4 399nGrot, R. A. Axley, J. A. 1990HBCONTAM88; MODEL; MULTIZONE; NBSAVIS; SIMULATION; THEORETICAL MODEL`YStructure of Models for the prediction of air flow and contaminant dispersal in buildings .'Proceedings of the 11th AIVC Conference .'Proceedings of the 11th AIVC Conferenceu223-266nThis paper treats the structure of models for predicting interzonal airflow and contaminant dispersal in buildings. It will discuss the mathematical structure of such models, the use of modern data structures, the application of structured program techniques and the use of object-oriented structures for the development of user interfaces and building description processes. Two computer models developed at NIST will be used as examples of how these techniques can be applied to air flow analysis and contaminant dispersal: NBSAVIS - a building description processor for multizone buildings, and CONTAM88 - an interzonal airflow and contaminant disperal analysis program. NBSAVIS treats the building as a collection of physical objects which have flow and leakage characteristics and creates a building idealization (flow paths, zones and contaminant source data) from the physical description building. It will be demonstrated that with the proper data structure, general interfaces which are both user-friendly and physically correct can be developed. CONTAM88 combines previously developed interzonal airflow and contaminant dispersal analysis programs AIRMOV, CONTAM86, AND CONTAM87 into one model which includes such features as contaminant reactions, pressure induced contaminant sources for modeling radon entry and plateout and disposition of contaminants onto surfaces. An example is presented on the use of these programs for airflow and contaminant dispersal analysis in a large apartment building.nHaghighat, F. Rao, J.V 1991VOComputer-aided building ventilation system design - a system-theoretic approachREnergy and Buildings17147-155HEnergy and Buildings 375nVPMODELING; MULTIZONE; MULTIZONE AIR FLOW; SIMULATION; VENTILATION SYSTEM MODELINGAn understanding of the pattern of airflow is an important element in the design of ventilation systems. The airflows are caused by wind effect, stack effect and mechanical ventilation systems. Several models have been developed to analyse the airflow in buildings. So far, the focus has been on the modelling process. In this paper, the modelling and analysis of building ventilation sytems using a system-theoretic procedure are presented. The emphasis is on presenting a theoretic derivation of nodal-governing equations for building airflow systems and obtaining efficient procedures for automatic formulation of the system equations. This approach is based on matrix algebra, therefore is easy to implement on a computer.Haghighat, F Megri, AC 1996JCA comprehensive validation of two airflow models - COMIS and CONTAM Indoor Air6278-288:3validation; contam; comis; multizone; experimental;o69Hamlin, T. Cooper, K.U 1991APPLICATION; CO2; CONTAM87; DEMAND-CONTROLLED VENTILATION; ENERGY USE ANALYSIS; ENERPASS; MULTIZONE AIR FLOW; RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGB;The potential for residential demand controlled ventilation2.'Proceedings of the 12th AIVC Conferences12th AIVC Conf. 235-243g Heikkinen, J. Pallari, M-L 19942+Improvement of Domestic Ventilation Systemse4.15th AIVC Conference - The Role of Ventilation Buxton, Great Britain AIVC334-341September 27-30, 1994airflow, airtightness, energy, mechanical ventilation, MOVECOMP, multizone model, natural ventilation, renovation, residential, simulation, ventilationThe aim of the study was to identify methods for the renovation of ventilation systems in domestic buildings which are 3 - 8 eight storeys high. Three typical buildings were selected and the problems in ventilation were examined. The designers made their proposals for repairs and the research team analyzed the solutions and made improvements. The special problems compared with new buildings included less aritight building envelopes and leakages in existing ventilation ducts. An analysis was performed, using a multi-zone airflow model, for the whole year and therefore the ventilation heat loss could be found in each case. As anticipated, the airflow rate of passive stack ventilation was too high in winter an too low in summer, bu the system can be improved with demand-controlled ventilation instead of time control. The installation of heat recovery sytem requires improved sealing of the building envelope to minimuze cross ventilation. The proposed systems will be tested and followed up later in experimental buildings.Heiselberg, P. 1993f_Concentration distribution in the centre plane of a ventilated room under isothermal conditionso Indoor Air3t 34-40aF?measurements; contaminant distribution; ventilation performanceaThis paper presents a series of full-scale measurements of the concentration distribution in the centre plane of a room with isothermal mixing ventilation. Vertical profiles of the concentration in the middle of the room have been measured under different conditions. With the contamination source in the middle of the room the vertical profiles were changed radically with an increase of the air change rate from n=1.5h-1 to n=6h-1 due to a change in the flow structure in the room. With a constant air change rate, the location of the contamination source in the room showed a great influence on the vertical profile. A high velocity around the contamination source resulted in a uniform contaninant distribution in the room, while a low velocity resulted in considerable differences. Contours of concentraiton in the centre plane of the room have been measured using different contaminant densities. The densities were low, neutral and high in relation to the density of air. The results showed that the contaminant distribution in the room with the chosen flow conditions depended strongly on the contaminant desntiy, and that the high density case gave the highest concentraitons in the occupied zone.Andy has journal.g<f@ejdWalton, George N.u 1995b[CONTAM94: A Multizone Airflow and Contaminant Dispersal Model with a Graphic User Interface ~xBuilding Simulation '95 - Proceedings of 4th Conference of International Building and Performance Simulation Association  Madison, WI IBPSA674-679August 14-16, 1995vpairflows, building technology, computer simulation, contaminant analysis, indoor air quality, multizone modelingCONTAM94 is an easily used, public domain airflow and contaminant migration analysis proram combining algorithms for modeling airflow and contaminant dispersal in multizone buildings. It employs a simplified graphic description of the building for both data entry and the presentation of simulation results. It runs on commonly available 486DX calss PC compatible computers with VGA graphics and MS-DOS. It can handle buildings containing a large number of zones. Walton, George N. 1997CONTAM96 User Manual  Gaithersburg 4.National Institute of Standards and TechnologySeptember 1997 NISTIR NISTIR 6056airflow analysis, building technology, contaminant dispersal, indoor air quality, multizone analysis, smoke management, user interfaceThis manual describes the use of a computer program, CONTAM96, for analyzing the air movement and indoor air quality in multizone buildings. The program is used to create and edit the building description including data for all features relating to airflow or to the generation and removal of contaminants. It uses a graphic interface to establish the spatial relationship of these features. These data along with weather data are used to calculate the airflows and dynamic levels of indoor contaminants. The results of the calculation may be reviewed graphically and printable files may be generated. This program is an extension of the earlier CONTAM93 program.88@:Weir, B. R. Anderson, G. E. Hayes, S. R. Greenfield, S. M. 1990*#EXPOSURE; MODEL; MULTIZONE AIR FLOWe81Specification of indoor air model characteristicso$Proceedings of Indoor Air 1990 Indoor Air 90rIndoor air models are reviewed for applicability to general and specific problems of human exposure and risk. Each model is evaluated for its suitability for driving exposure and risk analyses and for its ability to address scientific and policy issues. The models' input data requirements are reviewed. Factors limiting the range of applicability are identified and characterized. Sensitivity of each of the models to input parameters is discussed.r 159,F?Yoshino, H. Hasegawa, F. Nagatomo, M. Ishikawa, Y. Toyohara, N.a 1993JDINCOMPLETE; MODELING; MULTIZONE; RESIDENTIAL BUILDING; THERMAL MODELhbAnalysis on Improvement of Residential Building Performance by Multizone Thermal and Airflow ModelASHRAE TransactionsnASHRAE Transactionsv99 Many factors affect the indoor environment of residential buildings. Among those factors are thermal insulation, airtightness, and the space-heating patterns. The influence of these factors on indoor thermal environment and space-heating load is investigated by a multizone thermal and airflow simulation including mutual radiation. The computer simulation was done on a model of a detached house with 10 rooms. The results obtained from This study show the degree of the effect of these factors on thermal environment and heating load.9XRYoshino, Hiroshi Liu, Jing Feustel, Helmut Millet, Jean-Robert Mansson, Lars-Goran 1999JCNumerical Analysis of Ventilation System Performance by COMIS ModelASHRAE Transactionse 105t1lpjairflow, CO2, COMIS, contaminant, energy, humidity, infiltration, multizone model, simulation, ventilationThis research evaluated the performance of four kinds of ventilation systems for dwellings under various conditions by means of numerical simulation. the total number of combinations of various parameters for the caculations was 174. Calculations were performed hourly for indoor pollutant concentration, humidity and condensation, indoor-outdoor pressure difference, airlflow rate, and heat energy by ventilation, etc., through the heating season. A multizone infiltration and pollutant trasport model (COMIS) was used to perform the simulation. A new term, "acceptable ratio," is introduced in this study to evaluat the performance of ventilation systems from the point of view of CO2 level and energy consumption. In addition, by means of statistical methods, the effect of various factors on ventilation system performance is discussed. a set of predictive equations for ventilation systems are derived in this paper to try to evaluate ventilation system performance in an easy way under any conditions. 160i"Yuill, G. K. Jeanson, M. R.3 1990|uINCOMPLETE; DEMAND-CONTROLLED VENTILATION; ENERGY USE ANALYSIS; EXHAUST VENTILATION; MODELING; MULTIZONE; RESIDENTIALPJAn analysis of several ventilation strategies for four ventilation systems$Proceedings of Indoor Air 1990 Indoor Air 904rlThe relative performance of 2 ventilation systems in terms of energy consumption and controlling occupant exposure to indoor air pollutants was determined using computer simulations. The 2 ventilation systems modelled were; a heat recovery ventilator with a conventional forced air furnace and a continuous exhaust ventilator window system with electric baseboard heating. Each of the ventilation systems was simulated according to 2 different control strategies. One control strategy used constant exhaust fan flow rates. The other strategy operated by modulating the exhaust fan flow rates to keep the CO2 concentration in the exhaust stream constant (demand controlled exhaust). It was found in general that the continuous exhaust systems performed as well as or better than the demand controlled exhaust systems at controlling occupant exposure to the pollutants modelled. 161 .'Yuill, G. K. Jeanson, M. R. Wray, C. P. 1991haINCOMPLETE; CO2; DEMAND-CONTROLLED VENTILATION; MODELING; MULTIZONE; RESIDENTIAL IAQ; VENTILATIONtmSimulated Performance of Demand Controlled Ventilation Systems Using Carbon Dioxide as an Occupancy IndicatorASHRAE TransactionsASHRAE Transactions97 Pt 2A central supply ventilation system and a distributed supply ventilation system were simulated to determine their relative performance in controlling occupant exposure to indoor air pollutants. 2 different control strategies were used: (1) constant exhaust flow rates (continuous ventilation) and (2) modulation of the exhaust flow rates to keep the CO2 concentration in the exhaust airstream constant (DCV). The DCV systems showed no clear advantage over the continuous ventilation systems. They reduced the exposures to some pollutants and increased the exposures to others. In some cases, the relative performance of the DCV systems depended strongly on whether central supply or distributed supply ventilation was used.khsN Fang, J. B. Persily, A. K. 1995BAIR FLOW; CABIN AIR QUALITY; ETS; MODEL; MULTIZONE; SIMULATIONb[Air distribution and contaminant mobility modeling throughout commercial passenger aircraftoFerriera, Michael J. 1998VOAnalysis of Smoke Control System Design Using a Computer-based Airflow AnalysistztPacific Rim Conference and Second International Conference on Performance-Based Codes and Fire Safety Design Methods  Maui, HawaiiMay 3 - 9, 1998JDCONTAM, design, modeling, multizone, smoke control, smoke managementg<f@ejd Walton, George N.n 1989HAAIRNET - A Computer Program for Building Airflow Network Modeling  Gaithersburg 4.National Institute of Standards and Technology April 1989 NISTIRNISTIR 89-407282airflow, buildings, multizone modeling, simulationWalton, George N.u 1995b[CONTAM94: A Multizone Airflow and Contaminant Dispersal Model with a Graphic User Interface ~xBuilding Simulation '95 - Proceedings of 4th Conference of International Building and Performance Simulation Association  Madison, WI IBPSA674-679August 14-16, 1995vpairflows, building technology, computer simulation, contaminant analysis, indoor air quality, multizone modelingCONTAM94 is an easily used, public domain airflow and contaminant migration analysis proram combining algorithms for modeling airflow and contaminant dispersal in multizone buildings. It employs a simplified graphic description of the building for both data entry and the presentation of simulation results. It runs on commonly available 486DX calss PC compatible computers with VGA graphics and MS-DOS. It can handle buildings containing a large number of zones. Walton, George N. 1997CONTAM96 User Manual  Gaithersburg 4.National Institute of Standards and TechnologySeptember 1997 NISTIR NISTIR 6056airflow analysis, building technology, contaminant dispersal, indoor air quality, multizone analysis, smoke management, user interfaceThis manual describes the use of a computer program, CONTAM96, for analyzing the air movement and indoor air quality in multizone buildings. The program is used to create and edit the building description including data for all features relating to airflow or to the generation and removal of contaminants. It uses a graphic interface to establish the spatial relationship of these features. These data along with weather data are used to calculate the airflows and dynamic levels of indoor contaminants. The results of the calculation may be reviewed graphically and printable files may be generated. This program is an extension of the earlier CONTAM93 program.88@:Weir, B. R. Anderson, G. E. Hayes, S. R. Greenfield, S. M. 1990*#EXPOSURE; MODEL; MULTIZONE AIR FLOWe81Specification of indoor air model characteristicso$Proceedings of Indoor Air 1990 Indoor Air 90rIndoor air models are reviewed for applicability to general and specific problems of human exposure and risk. Each model is evaluated for its suitability for driving exposure and risk analyses and for its ability to address scientific and policy issues. The models' input data requirements are reviewed. Factors limiting the range of applicability are identified and characterized. Sensitivity of each of the models to input parameters is discussed.r 159,F?Yoshino, H. Hasegawa, F. Nagatomo, M. Ishikawa, Y. Toyohara, N.a 1993JDINCOMPLETE; MODELING; MULTIZONE; RESIDENTIAL BUILDING; THERMAL MODELhbAnalysis on Improvement of Residential Building Performance by Multizone Thermal and Airflow ModelASHRAE TransactionsnASHRAE Transactionsv99 Many factors affect the indoor environment of residential buildings. Among those factors are thermal insulation, airtightness, and the space-heating patterns. The influence of these factors on indoor thermal environment and space-heating load is investigated by a multizone thermal and airflow simulation including mutual radiation. The computer simulation was done on a model of a detached house with 10 rooms. The results obtained from This study show the degree of the effect of these factors on thermal environment and heating load.9XRYoshino, Hiroshi Liu, Jing Feustel, Helmut Millet, Jean-Robert Mansson, Lars-Goran 1999JCNumerical Analysis of Ventilation System Performance by COMIS ModelASHRAE Transactionse 105t1lpjairflow, CO2, COMIS, contaminant, energy, humidity, infiltration, multizone model, simulation, ventilationThis research evaluated the performance of four kinds of ventilation systems for dwellings under various conditions by means of numerical simulation. the total number of combinations of various parameters for the caculations was 174. Calculations were performed hourly for indoor pollutant concentration, humidity and condensation, indoor-outdoor pressure difference, airlflow rate, and heat energy by ventilation, etc., through the heating season. A multizone infiltration and pollutant trasport model (COMIS) was used to perform the simulation. A new term, "acceptable ratio," is introduced in this study to evaluat the performance of ventilation systems from the point of view of CO2 level and energy consumption. In addition, by means of statistical methods, the effect of various factors on ventilation system performance is discussed. a set of predictive equations for ventilation systems are derived in this paper to try to evaluate ventilation system performance in an easy way under any conditions. 160i"Yuill, G. K. Jeanson, M. R.3 1990|uINCOMPLETE; DEMAND-CONTROLLED VENTILATION; ENERGY USE ANALYSIS; EXHAUST VENTILATION; MODELING; MULTIZONE; RESIDENTIALPJAn analysis of several ventilation strategies for four ventilation systems$Proceedings of Indoor Air 1990 Indoor Air 904rlThe relative performance of 2 ventilation systems in terms of energy consumption and controlling occupant exposure to indoor air pollutants was determined using computer simulations. The 2 ventilation systems modelled were; a heat recovery ventilator with a conventional forced air furnace and a continuous exhaust ventilator window system with electric baseboard heating. Each of the ventilation systems was simulated according to 2 different control strategies. One control strategy used constant exhaust fan flow rates. The other strategy operated by modulating the exhaust fan flow rates to keep the CO2 concentration in the exhaust stream constant (demand controlled exhaust). It was found in general that the continuous exhaust systems performed as well as or better than the demand controlled exhaust systems at controlling occupant exposure to the pollutants modelled. 161 .'Yuill, G. K. Jeanson, M. R. Wray, C. P. 1991haINCOMPLETE; CO2; DEMAND-CONTROLLED VENTILATION; MODELING; MULTIZONE; RESIDENTIAL IAQ; VENTILATIONtmSimulated Performance of Demand Controlled Ventilation Systems Using Carbon Dioxide as an Occupancy IndicatorASHRAE TransactionsASHRAE Transactions97 Pt 2A central supply ventilation system and a distributed supply ventilation system were simulated to determine their relative performance in controlling occupant exposure to indoor air pollutants. 2 different control strategies were used: (1) constant exhaust flow rates (continuous ventilation) and (2) modulation of the exhaust flow rates to keep the CO2 concentration in the exhaust airstream constant (DCV). The DCV systems showed no clear advantage over the continuous ventilation systems. They reduced the exposures to some pollutants and increased the exposures to others. In some cases, the relative performance of the DCV systems depended strongly on whether central supply or distributed supply ventilation was used.